Spatial and temporal changes in the assembly mechanism and co-occurrence network of the chromophytic phytoplankton communities in coastal ecosystems under anthropogenic influences

As a typical semiclosed coastal sea area in China, the ecological environment of Bohai Bay has been significantly dis-turbed by human activities. As primary producers, the chromophytic phytoplankton are the basis of ecosystems, espe-cially in coastal ecosystems, and changes in the chromophytic phytoplankton community can affect the stability of the entire ecosystem. In this study, we investigated the effects of the human activity-induced spatial and temporal environ-mental heterogeneity on the community composition, diversity, assembly mechanisms, and co-occurrence networks of chromophytic phytoplankton in Bohai Bay during the wet season and the dry season. The results showed that in both seasons, there was obvious environmental heterogeneity between the nearshore area and the offshore area, and the nearshore areas were more affected by human disturbance. Although higher diversity was supported by the abundance of nutrients in nearshore areas, co-occurrence network analysis revealed that the chromophytic phytoplankton were less closely connected to each other in nearshore areas than in offshore areas due to chemical oxygen demand (COD), eutrophication index (EI), and dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN). The nearshore network was less stable than the offshore co-occurrence network in both seasons, which was related to the concentration of dissolved oxygen and COD. Both stochastic and deterministic processes dominated the assembly of the chromophytic phytoplankton communities, with different importance rankings of stochastic and deterministic processes in the nearshore and off-shore areas. Drift dominated the assembly of the communities in nearshore areas, while variable selection dominated the assembly of the communities in offshore areas. DIN, EI, and COD, rather than geographic distance, were the main environmental factors affecting the phylogenetic turnover of the chromophytic phytoplankton. Our study showed that environmental heterogeneity caused by human disturbance had a greater impact on the chromophytic phytoplankton communities in Bohai Bay than natural factors such as temperature and salinity.

Automated summary

This study investigated the effects of human activity-induced environmental heterogeneity on the chromophytic phytoplankton in Bohai Bay. The results showed that human disturbance had a greater impact on the phytoplankton communities than natural factors. The assembly of the communities was influenced by both stochastic and deterministic processes, with different importance rankings in nearshore and offshore areas. Dissolved inorganic nitrogen, eutrophication index, and chemical oxygen demand were the main environmental factors affecting the phylogenetic turnover of the phytoplankton.