Distribution and drivers of antibiotic resistance genes in brackish water aquaculture sediment

Brackish water aquaculture has brought numerous economic benefits, whereas anthropogenic activities in aquaculture may cause the dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in brackish water sediments. The intricate relation-ships between environmental factors and microbial communities as well as their role in ARGs dissemination in brack-ish water aquaculture remain unclear. This study applied PCR and 16S sequencing to identify the variations in ARGs, class 1 integron gene (intI1) and microbial communities in brackish water aquaculture sediment. The distribution of ARGs in brackish water aquaculture sediment was similar to that in freshwater aquaculture, and the sulfonamide resistance gene sul1 was the indicator of ARGs. Proteobacteria and Firmicutes were the dominant phyla, and Paenisporosarcina (p_ Firmicutes) was the dominant genus. The results of correlation, network and redundancy analysis indicated that the microbial community in the brackish water aquaculture sediment was function-driven. The neutral model and variation partitioning analysis were used to verify the ecological processes of the bacterial community. The normalized stochasticity ratio showed that pond bacteria community was dominated by determinacy, which was affected by aquaculture activities. The total nitrogen and organic matter influenced the abundance of ARGs, while Proteobacteria and Thiobacillus (p_Proteobacteria) were the key antibiotic-resistant hosts. Our study provides insight into the prevalence of ARGs in brackish water aquaculture sediments, and indicates that brackish water aquaculture is a reservoir of ARGs.

Automated summary

The distribution of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in brackish water aquaculture sediment is similar to that in freshwater aquaculture, with the sulfonamide resistance gene sul1 as the indicator. The dominant phyla are Proteobacteria and Firmicutes, with Paenisporosarcina as the dominant genus. The microbial community in brackish water aquaculture sediment is function-driven and influenced by environmental factors and aquaculture activities. Overall, brackish water aquaculture serves as a reservoir for ARGs.