4.7 Review

A plastic world: A review of microplastic pollution in the freshwaters of the Earth's poles

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Article Environmental Sciences

Microplastics in the high-altitude Himalayas: Assessment of microplastic contamination in freshwater lake sediments, Northwest Himalaya (India)

Kannaiyan Neelavannan et al.

Summary: This study assesses the quantity, type, and sources of microplastics in lake bottom sediments from Anchar Lake in the Northwest Himalaya. The analysis reveals that the sediments are significantly contaminated with microplastics, with the dominant polymer composition being polyamide. The presence of PVC polymers results in a high Polymer Hazard Index. However, according to the Pollution Load Index, the sediments in Anchar Lake are relatively less contaminated. The microplastics in the lake predominantly originate from the automobile, textile, and packaging industries.

CHEMOSPHERE (2022)

Article Geosciences, Multidisciplinary

Heavy metals in the plastisphere of marine microplastics: adsorption mechanisms and composite risk

Yuan Liu et al.

Summary: In this study, the adsorption mechanisms and composite risks of heavy metals adhered to microplastic surfaces were investigated. The results showed that heavy metals in the plastisphere were influenced by the surrounding matrices and some heavy metals were positively correlated with the specific surface area of the microplastics. Cluster analysis indicated that some heavy metals were derived from anthropogenic sources, suggesting that plastics can adsorb adventive heavy metals. A new composite risk assessment method for heavy metals and microplastics was also established.

GONDWANA RESEARCH (2022)

Article Geosciences, Multidisciplinary

Current status and future perspectives of microplastic pollution in typical cryospheric regions

Yulan Zhang et al.

Summary: The cryosphere refers to the frozen areas on Earth, including snow and ice, which are being increasingly polluted by microplastics. This review highlights the distribution, transport pathways, and differences in microplastics found in snow and ice across cryospheric regions. It emphasizes the urgent need for improved standard procedures in sampling, pretreatment, and identification of microplastics. The study suggests that sea ice and atmospheric transport play important roles in the temporal storage and release of microplastics, while non-polar cryospheric regions may serve as important receptors of microplastics from mid-latitude emissions, posing potential climate risks.

EARTH-SCIENCE REVIEWS (2022)

Article Ecology

Microplastics in the atmosphere and cryosphere in the circumpolar North: a case for multicompartment monitoring

Bonnie M. Hamilton et al.

Summary: The transport of microplastics in the atmosphere and cryosphere has gained attention in the Arctic. However, fundamental knowledge and consistent monitoring efforts are lacking for these compartments. To understand plastic pollution in the Arctic, standard techniques should be used for monitoring in both the atmosphere and cryosphere, building upon existing efforts.

ARCTIC SCIENCE (2022)

Article Environmental Sciences

Long-range transport of atmospheric microplastics deposited onto glacier in southeast Tibetan Plateau

Zhaoqing Wang et al.

Summary: This study investigated microplastic pollution in snowpit samples collected from the Demula glacier in the southeast Tibetan Plateau. The results showed that microplastics, mainly in the form of plastic fibers and films, were present in the snow, with a size predominantly smaller than 200μm. The abundance of microplastics in the snowpit varied seasonally, with higher levels during the monsoon season. The chemical composition and air mass trajectory modeling indicated that these microplastics primarily originated from long-range atmospheric transport. Moreover, the surface structure of the microplastics suggested severe weathering during transport and deposition. Based on the data, the deposition flux and export from melting water were estimated, indicating that the glacier may also act as a significant source of microplastics to downstream ecosystems.

ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (2022)

Article Geography, Physical

First evidence of microplastics in Antarctic snow

Alex R. Aves et al.

Summary: Airborne microplastics have been identified in various remote environments, but there is a lack of data in the Southern Hemisphere, particularly in Antarctica. This study collected snow samples from 19 sites in the Ross Island region of Antarctica and confirmed the presence of microplastics using micro-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (mu FTIR). The results showed that all Antarctic snow samples contained microplastics, with an average concentration of 29 particles L-1. The most common type of microplastic was fibers, and the most common polymer was polyethylene terephthalate (PET). The study also found that the microplastics could have been transported over long distances of up to 6000 km and could have local sources from nearby research stations.

CRYOSPHERE (2022)

Review Environmental Sciences

Plastic pollution in the Arctic

Melanie Bergmann et al.

Summary: Plastic debris and microplastics are widespread in the Arctic, even in areas without human activity. They come from various sources, both local and distant, and are transported to the Arctic by ocean currents, atmospheric transport, and rivers. Once in the Arctic, plastic pollution accumulates and affects local ecosystems.

NATURE REVIEWS EARTH & ENVIRONMENT (2022)

Review Engineering, Environmental

Microplastics and associated contaminants in the aquatic environment: A review on their ecotoxicological effects, trophic transfer, and potential impacts to human health

Wei Huang et al.

Summary: Microplastic pollution and its ecological impacts in aquatic environments have become a global concern in the past decade. Microplastics can affect aquatic organisms through food chain transfer and pose potential risks to human health.

JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS (2021)

Article Environmental Sciences

Plastisphere in freshwaters: An emerging concern*

Juliana Barros et al.

Summary: This review compares the plastisphere in freshwater with that in marine waters, emphasizing its importance and impact in freshwater ecosystems. It provides research gaps, suggestions, and rising concerns, indicating the need for interdisciplinary global research initiatives to address the emerging issues related to the freshwater plastisphere.

ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (2021)

Article Environmental Sciences

Microplastics as an emerging threat to the freshwater ecosystems of Veeranam lake in south India: A multidimensional approach

Manikanda K. Bharath et al.

Summary: This study investigated the quality and quantity of microplastic contaminants in water and soil samples at Veeranam lake in Tamil Nadu, India, revealing a variety of microplastic particles such as nylon and polyethylene. The distribution of different types of plastic particles in water and sediment samples was also examined, with nylon, polyethylene, polystyrene, polypropylene, and PVC being the most prominent polymers found.

CHEMOSPHERE (2021)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Direct radiative effects of airborne microplastics

Laura E. Revell et al.

Summary: Preliminary modelling shows that airborne microplastics may have a minor cooling influence on the atmosphere, with potential increasing effects on the climate system in the future. However, there are uncertainties regarding the geographical and vertical distribution of microplastics, and without efforts to overhaul plastic production and waste management practices, the abundance and radiative forcing of airborne microplastics will continue to rise.

NATURE (2021)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Microplastic pollution on island beaches, Oahu, Hawai`i

Savannah Franklin Rey et al.

Summary: The study found that microplastic densities on windward beaches of Oahu, Hawaii, were highest on beaches with the coarsest sands and high wave energy. Additionally, densities were higher at storm tide lines compared to high tide lines.

PLOS ONE (2021)

Article Environmental Sciences

Microbial colonizers of microplastics in an Arctic freshwater lake

Miguel Gonzalez-Pleiter et al.

Summary: The study found that different types of microplastics in the Arctic freshwater lake have complex microbial communities in their plastispheres, showing higher diversity compared to surrounding water and rock microbial communities.

SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT (2021)

Article Environmental Sciences

Microplastics in glaciers of the Tibetan Plateau: Evidence for the long-range transport of microplastics

Yulan Zhang et al.

Summary: Microplastics have been detected in glacier surface snow on the Tibetan Plateau, indicating long-distance transport of microplastics to the region. This evidence is significant for understanding the atmospheric transport of microplastics to the Tibetan Plateau and provides a global perspective on the microplastic cycle.

SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT (2021)

Article Environmental Sciences

Early and differential bacterial colonization on microplastics deployed into the effluents of wastewater treatment plants

Sergio Martinez-Campos et al.

Summary: This study investigated the bacterial communities and abundance of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) on different types of microplastics (MPs) in wastewater treatment plant effluents. The results showed higher bacterial diversity on MPs compared to free-living bacteria in effluents, with different polymer types attracting specific bacteria for early attachment. Moreover, MPs concentrated antibiotic-resistant bacteria carrying certain ARGs, highlighting the role of early attachment phase in bacterial biofilm development on MP polymers.

SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT (2021)

Review Materials Science, Textiles

Microfibers from synthetic textiles as a major source of microplastics in the environment: A review

Sanjit Acharya et al.

Summary: Microplastic fibers, primarily originating from synthetic textile garments during home laundering, are the most common form of microplastics in the environment. Studies indicate a significant release of microfibers during laundering, but the lack of standardized research protocols makes it challenging to establish definitive trends and comparisons among studies.

TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL (2021)

Article Environmental Sciences

Bacterial and fungal assemblages and functions associated with biofilms differ between diverse types of plastic debris in a freshwater system

Longfei Wang et al.

Summary: Plastics in aquatic ecosystems easily attract diverse microbes, forming unique microbial communities known as the "plastisphere" that differ from surrounding water and other substrates. High-throughput sequencing revealed that the diversity and structure of bacterial communities varied on different types of plastics, while fungal communities showed no significant differences. Co-occurrence network analysis demonstrated that interactions between bacteria and fungi were less complex on microplastics compared to plastic sheets.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH (2021)

Article Green & Sustainable Science & Technology

Microplastics in Glaciers: First Results from the Vatnajokull Ice Cap

Hlynur Stefansson et al.

Summary: Researchers identified microplastic particles in snow cores collected on the Vatnajokull ice cap in Iceland, visualizing and identifying them using optical microscopy and mu-Raman spectroscopy. The findings suggest that atmospheric transport is a significant pathway for microplastic pollution.

SUSTAINABILITY (2021)

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Dynamics of Ecological Communities Following Current Retreat of Glaciers

Gentile Francesco Ficetola et al.

Summary: Glaciers are retreating globally, creating ice-free areas for studying species colonization patterns, community formation, and dynamics. Recent studies have advanced our understanding of biotic colonization after glacier retreats through methodological innovations and ecological theories, revealing how multiple factors influence colonization velocity and community structure changes. These studies highlight the interaction of various processes in shaping community formation and functional structure, with traditional approaches now being combined with environmental DNA metabarcoding and functional trait analysis to document the formation of multitrophic communities.

ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY, EVOLUTION, AND SYSTEMATICS, VOL 52, 2021 (2021)

Review Environmental Sciences

Microplastic pollution of worldwide lakes

Julia Dusaucy et al.

Summary: Research on microplastic pollution in lakes has been increasing in recent years, with lakes being of high interest for biodiversity, ecology, and the economy. Contamination of freshwater ecosystems and lakes is a new and rising topic compared to focus on oceans, requiring consensus between scientific teams.

ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (2021)

Review Multidisciplinary Sciences

The global threat from plastic pollution

Matthew MacLeo et al.

Summary: Plastic pollution that accumulates and is poorly reversible in the environment can have significant negative impacts such as changes to ecosystems, biological effects, and societal impacts. Therefore, a global response is needed to rapidly reduce plastic emissions through reductions in consumption of virgin plastic materials and internationally coordinated waste management strategies.

SCIENCE (2021)

Article Environmental Sciences

Distribution and characteristics of microplastics in the basin of Chishui River in Renhuai, China

Jianlong Li et al.

Summary: Microplastics, as an emerging pollutant, are widely present in rivers worldwide with varying abundance based on economic development and population density. In the Renhuai Basin of Chishui River, fibrous microplastics are more prevalent in areas with developed agriculture, while film microplastics are more common in densely populated regions.

SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT (2021)

Article Environmental Sciences

Microplastics distribution in the Eurasian Arctic is affected by Atlantic waters and Siberian rivers

Evgeniy Yakushev et al.

Summary: Plastic pollution is recognized as a global threat to marine ecosystems, habitats, and wildlife, with remote locations such as the Arctic Ocean being impacted. This study analyzes microplastic distribution in the Eurasian Arctic through water samples, identifying two major sources of pollution: Atlantic surface water and discharge plumes of the Great Siberian Rivers.

COMMUNICATIONS EARTH & ENVIRONMENT (2021)

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A pilot study about microplastics and mesoplastics in an Antarctic glacier

Miguel Gonzalez-Pleiter et al.

Summary: Plastic pollution has been found on Antarctic glaciers, possibly originating from local activities and likely deposited through wind transport. The presence of expanded polystyrene (EPS) and polyester was observed on the ice surfaces, with daily changes in their presence evaluated to clarify the role of wind in their distribution. This pilot study represents the first report of plastic pollution on an Antarctic glacier.

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Food or just a free ride? A meta-analysis reveals the global diversity of the Plastisphere

Robyn J. Wright et al.

Summary: A meta-analysis of the Plastisphere in various environments demonstrates that potential biodegrading Plastisphere members are consistently more abundant in plastic samples across multiple studies, indicating their preference for plastics and the urgent need for comprehensive testing of their ability to biodegrade plastics. The study also highlights key knowledge gaps that should be addressed in future research.

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Behavior of microplastics and plastic film residues in the soil environment: A critical review

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A Review of Microplastics in Table Salt, Drinking Water, and Air: Direct Human Exposure

Qun Zhang et al.

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Microplastic accumulation in benthic invertebrates in Terra Nova Bay (Ross Sea, Antarctica)

Andrea Augusto Sfriso et al.

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Steve Allen et al.

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Microplastic contamination in east Antarctic sea ice

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Hui Ma et al.

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Biomass-Derived Provenance Dominates Glacial Surface Organic Carbon in the Western Himalaya

Sarwar Nizam et al.

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Zara L. R. Botterell et al.

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High Abundances of Microplastic Pollution in Deep-Sea Sediments: Evidence from Antarctica and the Southern Ocean

Eoghan M. Cunningham et al.

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LDPE microplastics significantly alter the temporal turnover of soil microbial communities

Jie Wang et al.

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Fibers spreading worldwide: Microplastics and other anthropogenic litter in an Arctic freshwater lake

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Effects of black carbon and mineral dust on glacial melting on the Muz Taw glacier, Central Asia

Yulan Zhang et al.

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First detection of microplastics in the freshwater of an Antarctic Specially Protected Area

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Tomi P. Luoto et al.

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Microplastic ingestion by the farmed sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus in China

Mohamed Mohsen et al.

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Batdulam Battulga et al.

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Chelsea M. Rochman et al.

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Sinking of floating plastic debris caused by biofilm development in a freshwater lake

Xianchuan Chen et al.

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Microplastic pollution in the rivers of the Tibet Plateau

Changbo Jiang et al.

ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (2019)

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Heavy metals in sediment, microplastic and sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus from farms in China

Mohamed Mohsen et al.

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Inga Vanessa Kirstein et al.

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Youming Dong et al.

ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (2019)

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White and wonderful? Microplastics prevail in snow from the Alps to the Arctic

Melanie Bergmann et al.

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First evidence of microplastic contamination in the supraglacial debris of an alpine glacier

Roberto Ambrosini et al.

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Maria Antonia Cavaco et al.

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J. P. G. L. Frias et al.

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Microplastic pollution of lakeshore sediments from remote lakes in Tibet plateau, China

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