期刊
RENEWABLE ENERGY
卷 207, 期 -, 页码 137-146出版社
PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2023.02.093
关键词
Rubber seed oil; Snail shell catalyst; Response surface methodology; Biodiesel; Transesterification
The study focuses on modeling and optimizing the transesterification process of rubber seed oil (RSO) to biodiesel using sulfonated CaO derived from snail shells as a bifunctional heterogeneous catalyst. The results show that a maximum biodiesel yield of 97.6% can be obtained with a 12:1 methanol to oil molar ratio, 80 degrees C reaction temperature, 2.5 h reaction time, and 2.5 wt% catalyst loading. The catalyst also demonstrates good recyclability and the produced biodiesel meets the fuel property standards.
Rubber seed oil (RSO) is an abundance of low-cost non-edible vegetable oil and an attractive resource for bio-diesel production through transesterification. The study aims to model and optimize the transesterification of RSO to biodiesel using sulfonated CaO derived from snail shells as a bifunctional heterogeneous catalyst. We prepared the raw snail shell (RSS) catalyst by calcination and sulfonated it to produce an acid-activated snail shell (AASS) catalyst. We used the central composite design (CCD) of the response surface methodology (RSM) to model and optimize the transesterification process. The X-ray fluorescence (XRF), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller method (BET) were used to characterize RSS and AASS catalysts.The results show that CaO (95.6%) is the major component of RSS. The maximum biodiesel yield of 97.6% was obtained at a 12:1 methanol to oil molar ratio, 80 degrees C reaction temperature, 2.5 h reaction time, and 2.5 wt% catalyst loading with a quadratic regression model. The recyclability of the catalyst shows six runs without an appreciable decrease in biodiesel yield. The AASS catalyst can perform excellently as a bifunctional solid acid heterogeneous catalyst, and the fuel properties of the biodiesel produced compare favorably with American society for testing and materials (ASTM D6751) and European standard methods (EN 14214) standards.
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