Sustainable approach to manage the vulnerable rodents using eco-friendly green rodenticides formulation through nanotechnology principles - A review

This review provides an insight into the nanotechnology principles for plant-based rodenticides formulation and how they can be developed and superior to the conventional rodent control program. Development of Phyto or green nano rodenticides involves the selection of plant material, extraction of rodenticidal metabolites, formu-lation of plant extracts as Nanoparticles (Polymeric, Nanocapsules, Nanospheres, Solid, Lipid), Nanoemulsion, Nanocomposite, Nanoliposomes via green science or green technology principles, characterisation of nano -formulation like morphology, surface topology, functional group determination using electron microscopy, spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography. The effectiveness of the nanosystem can be proved by the determination of loading, entrapment efficacy and release profile. Bioassays studies with the respective nanoformulation under laboratory and field trials tests reveal Nanorodenticides. The stability of the respective nanoparticulate formu-lation can be assessed by zeta potential measurement. After the successful validation, it is necessary to study biocompatibility or biosafety using a suitable in vitro and in vivo screening model system that can be assessed through cell lines and zebrafish models. Any sign of toxic effect that can be measured in the respective model system reveals outstanding biocompatibility. This review demonstrates that the Nano Phyto rodenticides formulated by green nanotechnology can be potentially used to control rodents in an eco-friendly manner with high efficacy.

Automated summary

This review provides an insight into the principles of nanotechnology for the formulation of plant-based rodenticides and how they can be developed to be superior to conventional rodent control programs. It discusses the selection of plant material, extraction of rodenticidal metabolites, and formulation of plant extracts as nanoparticles or other nanomaterials using green science or green technology principles. The review also emphasizes the importance of characterizing the nano-formulation, determining its efficacy, and assessing its stability and biocompatibility before practical application. Overall, this study highlights the potential of Nano Phyto rodenticides formulated by green nanotechnology for eco-friendly and effective rodent control.