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Viruses and amyloids-a vicious liaison

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Summary: We present a case of a 70-year-old man who developed rapidly progressing CJD with SARS-CoV-2 co-infection, ultimately leading to his death after 15 days of hospitalization. This rare clinical presentation highlights the challenges in diagnosis.

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Summary: SARS-CoV-2 infection is associated with various morbidities. The spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 shows similarities to amyloid-disease associated blood coagulation and fibrinolytic disturbances, as well as neurologic and cardiac problems. Through experiments, researchers identified seven amyloidogenic sequences within the spike protein, and found that synthetic spike peptides can form amyloid-like fibrils when co-incubated with the protease neutrophil elastase. These findings suggest a potential molecular mechanism for amyloidogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, which may be important in understanding COVID-19 disease-associated pathogenesis.

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Unexplained post-acute infection syndromesUnexplained post-acute infection syndromes

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Summary: It remains unclear whether newly diagnosed diabetes during acute COVID-19 persists in the post-acute COVID phase. This meta-analysis aimed to summarize available literature and estimate the risk of developing incident diabetes following hospital discharge or at least 28 days after COVID-19 diagnosis. The analysis showed a 59% higher risk of developing incident diabetes in the post-acute COVID-19 phase compared to healthy controls. Similar results were observed when comparing COVID-19 to severity matched non-COVID-19 respiratory tract infections.

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Summary: This study provides new insights into the extent of COVID-19 infection in patients. It reveals that SARS-CoV-2 can be widely distributed throughout the body, including the brain, and can persist for up to 230 days, particularly in severe cases.

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The suboptimal fibrinolytic response in COVID-19 is dictated by high PAI-1

Claire S. Whyte et al.

Summary: This study investigates the dysregulation of the fibrinolytic system in COVID-19 disease and finds that elevated levels of PAI-1 suppress plasmin generation, leading to suboptimal fibrinolysis. These findings have important implications for the treatment and prognostic potential of COVID-19 disease.

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Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease after COVID-19: infection-induced prion protein misfolding? A case report

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Summary: This article describes a case of a young patient developing Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) two months after mild COVID-19. The patient initially presented with visuospatial deficits and ataxia, which progressed to being bedridden with myoclonus. The diagnostic work-up suggested CJD. This case highlights the potential link between neuroinflammation and protein misfolding, and further studies are needed to establish the role of SARS-CoV-2 in neurodegeneration.
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A postmortem study suggests a revision of the dual-hit hypothesis of Parkinson's disease

Per Borghammer et al.

Summary: The dual-hit hypothesis of Parkinson's disease suggests that a neurotropic pathogen leads to formation of alpha-synuclein pathology that enters the brain from the olfactory bulb and the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus. However, a re-analysis of postmortem datasets found that early body-first Lewy body disease (LBD) cases rarely had olfactory bulb pathology, while early brain-first LBD cases almost always showed olfactory bulb pathology. This supports the idea that the pathological process starts in either the olfactory bulb or the enteric nervous system, but not both simultaneously.

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Neurotoxic amyloidogenic peptides in the proteome of SARS-COV2: potential implications for neurological symptoms in COVID-19

Saba Islam et al.

Summary: The authors report the presence of toxic clumps of protein in the COVID-19 virus that resemble amyloid assemblies found in Alzheimer's disease. They suggest that these clumps may play a role in the neurological symptoms observed in long-COVID.

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Ellen Lewis et al.

Summary: Patients with amyloidosis are likely to be at a high risk of severe COVID-19 infection and mortality, especially those who are older, undergoing chemotherapy, or have concomitant B-cell or plasma cell disorders. Further research is needed to investigate the impact of virtual healthcare visits and pandemic measures on the observed excess deaths.

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Summary: Post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC), also known as long COVID, has become a global health and economic burden. The most challenging aspect of this condition is that traditional pathology tests may not detect the presence of insoluble fibrin amyloid microclots and the trapped inflammatory molecules. A study found that long COVID patients have symptoms such as constant fatigue, cognitive impairment, depression, and anxiety. The presence of pro-inflammatory molecules and significant platelet hyperactivation in these patients suggests a failed fibrinolytic system and potential implications for individuals with comorbidities.

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Brian S. Appleby et al.

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A Case Report: Multifocal Necrotizing Encephalitis and Myocarditis after BNT162b2 mRNA Vaccination against COVID-19

Michael Moerz

Summary: This report presents a case of a 76-year-old man with Parkinson's disease who died three weeks after receiving his third COVID-19 vaccination. Post-mortem examinations confirmed Parkinson's disease and revealed signs of aspiration pneumonia and systemic arteriosclerosis. Histopathological analyses showed acute vasculitis and multifocal necrotizing encephalitis in the brain, as well as chronic cardiomyopathy and myocarditis in the heart. Immunohistochemistry testing detected only spike protein in the inflammation foci of the brain and the heart, suggesting the presence of spike protein is due to vaccination rather than viral infection.

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Amyloid nomenclature 2022: update, novel proteins, and recommendations by the International Society of Amyloidosis (ISA) Nomenclature Committee

Joel N. Buxbaum et al.

Summary: The Nomenclature Committee of the International Society of Amyloidosis has proposed a nomenclature recommendation, adding six new proteins to the list of human amyloid fibril proteins, including intracellular amyloid fibrils associated with neurodegenerative diseases.

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Emiel Michiels et al.

Summary: Research has shown that amyloids can encode important cellular functions, one of which involves interaction with microbial pathogens, including viruses. Amyloids expressed in humans can act as both innate restriction molecules against viruses and agents that promote viral infectivity. The underlying molecular driving forces of amyloid-virus interactions are not completely understood at present.

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CHEMICAL REVIEWS (2021)

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Herpes simplex virus encoded ICP6 protein forms functional amyloid assemblies with necroptosis-associated host proteins

Nirukshan Shanmugam et al.

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BIOPHYSICAL CHEMISTRY (2021)

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Yuki Tateishi et al.

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Shu Liu et al.

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NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2021)

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Iva Soric Hosman et al.

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FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY (2021)

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FRONTIERS IN CARDIOVASCULAR MEDICINE (2021)

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Nabodita Sinha et al.

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TRENDS IN MICROBIOLOGY (2021)

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Gooya Tayyebi et al.

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Mammalian prions and their wider relevance in neurodegenerative diseases

John Collinge

NATURE (2016)

Review Multidisciplinary Sciences

Defects in trafficking bridge Parkinson's disease pathology and genetics

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NATURE (2016)

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Distinctive proteomic profiles among different regions of human carotid plaques in men and women

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SCIENTIFIC REPORTS (2016)

Article Cell Biology

MALDI-Mass Spectrometry Imaging Identifies Vitronectin as a Common Constituent of Amyloid Deposits

Martin Winter et al.

JOURNAL OF HISTOCHEMISTRY & CYTOCHEMISTRY (2015)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Hsp90 Promotes Kinase Evolution

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MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND EVOLUTION (2015)

Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Assembly, stability and dynamics of virus capsids

Mauricio G. Mateu

ARCHIVES OF BIOCHEMISTRY AND BIOPHYSICS (2013)

Article Infectious Diseases

Infection of the central nervous system caused by varicella zoster virus reactivation: a retrospective case series study

Juan Carlos Lozano Becerra et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2013)

Article Clinical Neurology

Intensity of human prion disease surveillance predicts observed disease incidence

Genevieve M. J. A. Klug et al.

JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGY NEUROSURGERY AND PSYCHIATRY (2013)

Review Infectious Diseases

HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder

David B. Clifford et al.

LANCET INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2013)

Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Gelsolin amyloidosis: genetics, biochemistry, pathology and possible strategies for therapeutic intervention

James P. Solomon et al.

CRITICAL REVIEWS IN BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (2012)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Amyloid Fibrils Trigger the Release of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs), Causing Fibril Fragmentation by NET-associated Elastase

Estefania P. C. Azevedo et al.

JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY (2012)

Article Dermatology

A Novel Form of Amyloid Deposited at the Site of Enfuvirtide Injection

Agne Naujokas et al.

JOURNAL OF CUTANEOUS PATHOLOGY (2012)

Review Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

Non-canonical translation in RNA viruses

Andrew E. Firth et al.

JOURNAL OF GENERAL VIROLOGY (2012)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Aggregation gatekeepers modulate protein homeostasis of aggregating sequences and affect bacterial fitness

Jacinte Beerten et al.

PROTEIN ENGINEERING DESIGN & SELECTION (2012)

Article Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

Protein Transfer Into Human Cells by VSV-G-induced Nanovesicles

Philippe-Emmanuel Mangeot et al.

MOLECULAR THERAPY (2011)

Review Anatomy & Morphology

Modeling familial British and Danish dementia

Holly J. Garringer et al.

BRAIN STRUCTURE & FUNCTION (2010)

Editorial Material Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Enfuvirtide: from basic investigations to current clinical use

Veronique Joly et al.

EXPERT OPINION ON PHARMACOTHERAPY (2010)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

PB1-F2 Influenza A Virus Protein Adopts a β-Sheet Conformation and Forms Amyloid Fibers in Membrane Environments

Christophe Chevalier et al.

JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY (2010)

Review Virology

Herpesviruses and Chromosomal Integration

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JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY (2010)

Article Medicine, General & Internal

Mental Morbidities and Chronic Fatigue in Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Survivors Long-term Follow-up

Marco Ho-Bun Lam et al.

ARCHIVES OF INTERNAL MEDICINE (2009)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Semen-derived amyloid fibrils drastically enhance HIV infection

Jan Muench et al.

Letter Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Life on the edge: a link between gene expression levels and aggregation rates of human proteins

Gian Gaetano Tartaglia et al.

TRENDS IN BIOCHEMICAL SCIENCES (2007)

Article Hematology

Association of acquired von Willebrand syndrome with AL amyloidosis

Cynthia A. Kos et al.

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HEMATOLOGY (2007)

Letter Hematology

Prevalence and pathology of amyloid in atherosclerotic arteries

C Röcken et al.

ARTERIOSCLEROSIS THROMBOSIS AND VASCULAR BIOLOGY (2006)

Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Prion disease genetics

S Mead

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN GENETICS (2006)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

How evolutionary pressure against protein aggregation shaped chaperone specificity

F Rousseau et al.

JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (2006)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Amyloid accomplices and enforcers

Andrei T. Alexandrescu

PROTEIN SCIENCE (2004)

Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Conformational constraints for amyloid fibrillation: the importance of being unfolded

VN Uversky et al.

BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS (2004)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Sequence-dependent denaturation energetics:: A major determinant in amyloid disease diversity

P Hammarström et al.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (2002)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Tissue-type plasminogen activator is a multiligand cross-β structure receptor

O Kranenburg et al.

CURRENT BIOLOGY (2002)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Natural β-sheet proteins use negative design to avoid edge-to-edge aggregation

JS Richardson et al.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (2002)

Article Hematology

Bleeding symptoms and coagulation abnormalities in 337 patients with AL-amyloidosis

AD Mumford et al.

BRITISH JOURNAL OF HAEMATOLOGY (2000)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Large conformational changes in the maturation of a simple RNA virus, Nudaurelia capensis ω virus (NωV)

MA Canady et al.

JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (2000)

Review Clinical Neurology

Cerebral amyloid angiopathy: An overview

M Yamada

NEUROPATHOLOGY (2000)