Public decisions about COVID-19 vaccines: A UK-based qualitative study

ObjectiveTo explore UK public decisions around whether or not to get COVID-19 vaccines, and the facilitators and barriers behind participants' decisions. DesignThis qualitative study consisted of six online focus groups conducted between 15(th) March and 22(nd) April 2021. Data were analysed using a framework approach. SettingFocus groups took place via online videoconferencing (Zoom). ParticipantsParticipants (n = 29) were a diverse group (by ethnicity, age and gender) UK residents aged 18 years and older. ResultsWe used the World Health Organization's vaccine hesitancy continuum model to look for, and explore, three main types of decisions related to COVID-19 vaccines: vaccine acceptance, vaccine refusal and vaccine hesitancy (or vaccine delay). Two reasons for vaccine delay were identified: delay due to a perceived need for more information and delay until vaccine was required in the future. Nine themes were identified: three main facilitators (Vaccination as a social norm; Vaccination as a necessity; Trust in science) and six main barriers (Preference for natural immunity; Concerns over possible side effects; Perceived lack of information; Distrust in government;; Conspiracy theories; Covid echo chambers) to vaccine uptake. ConclusionIn order to address vaccine uptake and vaccine hesitancy, it is useful to understand the reasons behind people's decisions to accept or refuse an offer of a vaccine, and to listen to them and engage with, rather than dismiss, these reasons. Those working in public health or health communication around vaccines, including COVID-19 vaccines, in and beyond the UK, might benefit from incorporating the facilitators and barriers found in this study.

Automated summary

This qualitative study aimed to explore UK public decisions on COVID-19 vaccines and the factors influencing these decisions. Online focus groups were conducted, and data were analyzed using a framework approach. Vaccine acceptance, refusal, and hesitancy were identified, along with facilitators (social norm, necessity, trust in science) and barriers (preference for natural immunity, side effects concerns, lack of information, distrust in government, conspiracy theories, COVID echo chambers) to vaccine uptake. The study suggests that understanding and engaging with people's reasons for accepting or refusing vaccines is important in addressing vaccine hesitancy and promoting uptake.