All life forms on earth can be traced back to a common ancestor called LUCA through Darwinian evolution. These life forms share two important features - a metabolism for extracting and converting energy, and a genetic system for heredity. However, genome replication often leads to the emergence of genetic parasites. In this study, we propose a model that simulates the energetic and replicative conditions of LUCA-like organisms and their parasites, and investigate the problem-solving abilities of host-parasite pairs. Our findings suggest that a nested parasitism model involving three host-parasite pairs can achieve robust and stable homeostasis, forming a complete life cycle. This model, which includes competition and habitat restriction, efficiently captures, channels, and transforms energy, enabling dynamic host survival and adaptation.
All life forms on earth ultimately descended from a primordial population dubbed the last universal common ancestor or LUCA via Darwinian evolution. Extant living systems share two salient functional features, a metabolism extracting and transforming energy required for survival, and an evolvable, informational polymer-the genome-conferring heredity. Genome replication invariably generates essential and ubiquitous genetic parasites. Here we model the energetic, replicative conditions of LUCA-like organisms and their parasites, as well as adaptive problem solving of host-parasite pairs. We show using an adapted Lotka-Volterra frame-work that three host-parasite pairs-individually a unit of a host and a parasite that is itself parasitized, therefore a nested parasite pair-are sufficient for robust and stable homeostasis, forming a life cycle. This nested parasitism model includes competition and habitat restriction. Its catalytic life cycle efficiently captures, channels and transforms energy, enabling dynamic host survival and adaptation. We propose a Malthusian fitness model for a quasispecies evolving through a host-nested parasite life cycle with two core features, rapid replacement of degenerate parasites and increasing evolutionary stability of host-nested parasite units from one to three pairs.
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