Secondary Facial Gender Surgery: Causes of Poor Outcomes and Strategies for Avoidance and Correction

Facial feminization surgery covers a broad spectrum of procedures across both hard and soft tissues. Despite the fact that this is a decidedly predictable surgery, because of the high demand for the procedures, a growing number of patients are requiring revision surgery, whether to correct unexpected results or to treat mid-term to long-term functional and aesthetic complications. This Special Topic article categorizes unsatisfactory outcomes encountered after forehead surgery, lower jaw surgery, and thyroid chondroplasty; key steps to avoid these pitfalls; and strategies for structured analysis and operative planning in revision cases.

Automated summary

Facial feminization surgery includes various procedures on both hard and soft tissues. Due to the high demand, more patients are seeking revision surgery to correct unexpected outcomes or to treat complications that arise over time. This article categorizes unsatisfactory results after forehead surgery, lower jaw surgery, and thyroid chondroplasty, and provides strategies for analysis and planning in revision cases.