☆ 4.4 Review

Secondary fungal infections in SARS-CoV-2 patients: pathological whereabouts, cautionary measures, and steadfast treatments

PHARMACOLOGICAL REPORTS (2023)

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Review Infectious Diseases

Increasing Consumption of Antibiotics during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Implications for Patient Health and Emerging Anti-Microbial Resistance

Shahana Seher Malik et al.

Summary: The emergence of COVID-19 infection has led to the indiscriminate use of antibiotics for its treatment. This has raised concerns about antimicrobial resistance. A systematic review found that approximately 78% of COVID-19 patients were prescribed antibiotics, with cephalosporins and azithromycin being the most commonly used. The overuse of antibiotics due to concerns and lack of treatment strategy highlights the need for antimicrobial stewardship during viral pandemics.

ANTIBIOTICS-BASEL (2023)

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Article Respiratory System

Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid polymerase chain reaction for invasive pulmonary aspergillosis among high-risk patients: a diagnostic meta-analysis

Yinling Han et al.

Summary: Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid PCR is a valuable diagnostic tool for invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) in immunocompromised patients, as well as those without hematologic malignancies and hematopoietic stem cell/solid organ transplantation.

BMC PULMONARY MEDICINE (2023)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Global antibiotic use during the COVID-19 pandemic: analysis of pharmaceutical sales data from 71 countries, 2020-2022

Arindam Nandi et al.

Summary: Despite a low bacterial coinfection rate in COVID-19 patients, a high percentage of patients are prescribed antibiotics, which may worsen antimicrobial resistance. This study found a positive association between antibiotic sales and COVID-19 cases globally, highlighting the importance of antibiotic stewardship during the pandemic.

ECLINICALMEDICINE (2023)

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Review Infectious Diseases

Comparing the clinical characteristics and outcomes of COVID-19-associate pulmonary aspergillosis (CAPA): a systematic review and meta-analysis

Woon Hean Chong et al.

Summary: Patients with CAPA are typically older with underlying COPD and received long-term corticosteroid treatment. Furthermore, CAPA is associated with higher SOFA scores, mortality, and earlier onset of ICU admission from illness onset.

INFECTION (2022)

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Letter Critical Care Medicine

Inhaled amphotericin B lipid complex for prophylaxis against COVID-19-associated invasive pulmonary aspergillosis

Maria Cruz Soriano et al.

INTENSIVE CARE MEDICINE (2022)

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Article Microbiology

Combination of Mycological Criteria: a Better Surrogate to Identify COVID-19-Associated Pulmonary Aspergillosis Patients and Evaluate Prognosis?

Sarah Delliere et al.

Summary: This study aimed to evaluate the application of multiple mycological criteria and their combination in the diagnosis of COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis (CAPA). The results showed that direct examination, plasma PCR, and serum galactomannan were associated with a higher mortality rate. Galactomannan in bronchoalveolar lavage and positive respiratory sample culture were often found as isolated markers and had poor repeatability. A combination of markers and/or blood biomarkers and/or direct respiratory sample examination seemed to be more effective in identifying CAPA patients.

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY (2022)

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Article Immunology

Coronavirus Disease 2019-Associated Pulmonary Aspergillosis in Mechanically Ventilated Patients

Nitipong Permpalung et al.

Summary: COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis (CAPA) is a serious condition in critically ill patients. A retrospective cohort study was conducted on mechanically ventilated adult patients with COVID-19, and it was found that CAPA is associated with underlying pulmonary vascular and liver diseases. Patients with CAPA have worse outcomes, requiring longer time for improvement and longer hospital stays.

CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2022)

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Article Dermatology

Results from a national survey on COVID-19-associated mucormycosis in Germany: 13 patients from six tertiary hospitals

Danila Seidel et al.

Summary: COVID-19-associated mucormycosis is rare in Germany, mostly reported in patients with comorbidities and impaired immune system who have severe COVID-19 and are treated in the ICU, with a high mortality rate. Compared to mainly rhino-orbito-cerebral CAM in patients with mild COVID-19 in India, the risk for CAM is higher in hospitalized COVID-19 patients.

MYCOSES (2022)

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Review Environmental Sciences

Mucormycosis (black fungus) ensuing COVID-19 and comorbidity meets- Magnifying global pandemic grieve and catastrophe begins

Karthika Pushparaj et al.

Summary: After the COVID-19 pandemic, mucormycosis has become a major concern globally, especially in Asian countries. Uncontrolled diabetes, comorbidities, and immunosuppression from steroid therapy are the main predisposing factors for infection. The number of cases is increasing exponentially in India and other global countries.

SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT (2022)

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Article Public, Environmental & Occupational Health

COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis in a tertiary care center in Shenzhen City

Zhaofang Jiang et al.

Summary: This article describes presumptive invasive aspergillosis in patients diagnosed with COVID-19 in a single center in Shenzhen, highlighting the high mortality rate of CAPA and calling for more clinical care attention in patients with CAPA.

JOURNAL OF INFECTION AND PUBLIC HEALTH (2022)

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Review Infectious Diseases

The emergence of COVID-19 associated mucormycosis: a review of cases from 18 countries

Martin Hoenigl et al.

Summary: Reports of COVID-19-associated mucormycosis, particularly among patients with uncontrolled diabetes, have been increasing since early 2021. Most patients with COVID-19-associated mucormycosis have uncontrolled diabetes and receive systemic corticosteroid treatment, and rhino-orbital cerebral mucormycosis is the most common disease. COVID-19-associated mucormycosis is associated with high mortality and a significant proportion of survivors experience life-changing morbidities.

LANCET MICROBE (2022)

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Article Public, Environmental & Occupational Health

Impact of COVID-19 on an infection prevention and control program, Iowa 2020-2021

Mohammed Alsuhaibani et al.

Summary: The COVID-19 pandemic significantly impacted the IPC program at the University of Iowa Hospitals & Clinics, leading to a 500% increase in consultation requests, a rise in healthcare-associated infection rates, and challenges faced by team members.

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF INFECTION CONTROL (2022)

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Article Infectious Diseases

Risk factors and outcome of pulmonary aspergillosis in critically ill coronavirus disease 2019 patients-a multinational observational study by the European Confederation of Medical Mycology

Juergen Prattes et al.

Summary: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-associated pulmonary aspergillosis (CAPA) is a common complication among critically ill COVID-19 patients in ICU. It is more prevalent in older patients, those receiving invasive ventilation, and those receiving tocilizumab treatment. CAPA is an independent predictor of ICU mortality.

CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND INFECTION (2022)

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Review Dermatology

Let's talk about sex characteristics-As a risk factor for invasive fungal diseases

Matthias Egger et al.

Summary: Biological sex has a significant impact on the epidemiology of invasive fungal diseases, with higher proportions of females in invasive candidiasis cases and higher proportions of males in other invasive fungal infections. Further investigations are needed to understand the association between biological sex/gender and the pathogenesis of these diseases.

MYCOSES (2022)

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Review Microbiology

Tackling the emerging threat of antifungal resistance to human health

Matthew C. Fisher et al.

Summary: This review emphasizes the important threat of invasive fungal infections to public health and the emergence of antifungal resistance. It discusses the main mechanisms of antifungal resistance and compares them with bacterial resistance to antimicrobial control. The review also explores the research and innovation topics needed to minimize the occurrence and impact of antifungal resistance, including environmental links, surveillance, diagnostics, transmission routes, novel therapeutics, and hotspot mitigation strategies. The need for global efforts to manage existing antifungal drugs and direct future research and development of therapies and interventions is highlighted.

NATURE REVIEWS MICROBIOLOGY (2022)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Antibiotic use and Influencing Factors Among Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19: A Multicenter Point-Prevalence Study from Turkey

Irfan Sencan et al.

Summary: This study investigated the use of antibiotics in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 and found that over 70% of patients received antibiotic treatment without clinical diagnosis or microbiological evidence. The study also identified independent factors associated with increased antibiotic use, including hospitalization in a state hospital, the requirement for supplemental oxygen, presence of moderate/diffuse lung involvement, elevated C-reactive protein levels, low lymphocyte count, and clinical diagnosis and/or confirmation by culture.

BALKAN MEDICAL JOURNAL (2022)

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Review Microbiology

Prevalence of COVID-19-Associated Pulmonary Aspergillosis: Critical Review and Conclusions

Matthias Egger et al.

Summary: Cases of COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis (CAPA) were reported early in the pandemic, but it remains challenging to diagnose. The clinical and radiological manifestations of CAPA are similar to severe COVID-19, so mycological evidence is crucial for diagnosis. However, blood tests lack sensitivity in early stages and mortality rates are high even with antifungal therapy. Testing bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) is essential for accurate diagnosis.

JOURNAL OF FUNGI (2022)

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Review Microbiology

COVID-19-associated fungal infections

Martin Hoenigl et al.

Summary: Invasive fungal infections associated with COVID-19 are an important complication, primarily caused by Aspergillus, Mucorales, and Candida species. This review examines the incidence of these fungal infections in different income countries, evaluating their epidemiology, clinical risk factors, and pathogenesis for future research and clinical guidance. Hoenigl and colleagues provide an overview of the epidemiology, immunology, and clinical risk factors of COVID-19-associated fungal infections.

NATURE MICROBIOLOGY (2022)

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Article Infectious Diseases

Prevalence of Fungal Drug Resistance in COVID-19 Infection: a Global Meta-analysis

Adrina Habibzadeh et al.

Summary: The study reveals a high prevalence of fungal drug resistance in COVID-19 patients and underscores the importance of enhancing antimicrobial stewardship programs, closely monitoring treatment failure, and the emergence of resistance during treatment.

CURRENT FUNGAL INFECTION REPORTS (2022)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Exploring SARS-CoV2 host-pathogen interactions and associated fungal infections cross-talk: Screening of targets and understanding pathogenesis

Abdul Arif Khan et al.

Summary: The study screened and analyzed the molecular basis and host targets of COVID-19-associated opportunistic fungal infections, identifying important host targets such as CARD9 and CYP51A1 for managing SARS-CoV2-associated fungal infections.

COMPUTATIONAL AND STRUCTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL (2022)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Risk Factors for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)-Associated Pulmonary Aspergillosis in Critically Ill Patients: A Nationwide, Multicenter, Retrospective Cohort Study

Si-Ho Kim et al.

Summary: This study evaluated the risk factors and clinical outcomes of COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis (CAPA) in critically ill patients. The results showed that the dose of corticosteroid use and chronic pulmonary disease were independently associated with CAPA development. CAPA patients had a higher mortality rate and lower respiratory support-free rate.

JOURNAL OF KOREAN MEDICAL SCIENCE (2022)

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Article Pathology

COVID Induced Functional Exhaustion and Persistently Reduced Lymphocytes as Vital Contributing Factors for Post-COVID Rhino-orbital and Cerebral Mucormycosis in Patients with Diabetes: Report from the Indian Sub-continent

Darpan Bhargava et al.

Summary: The ongoing global pandemic of SARS-CoV-2 has led to unexpected public health crisis, while a new challenge arises with the emergence of black fungus infections among COVID-19 recovered patients. A study found that patients with a history of diabetes, low lymphocyte and CD4+ counts were more susceptible to fungal infections, particularly those who received oxygen or steroids during COVID-19 treatment. Further research is needed to explore the relationship between lymphocyte exhaustion, diabetes, and COVID-19.

HEAD & NECK PATHOLOGY (2022)

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Review Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Antifungal Drug Resistance: Molecular Mechanisms in Candida albicans and Beyond

Yunjin Lee et al.

Summary: This article discusses the major role of fungal infections in infectious disease-related deaths worldwide, the prevalence of Candida species in invasive mycotic diseases, and the limitations of current antifungal drugs. It also focuses on the resistance mechanisms of Candida species and potential therapeutic strategies to combat antifungal resistance.

CHEMICAL REVIEWS (2021)

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Article Immunology

Epidemiology of Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis Among Intubated Patients With COVID-19: A Prospective Study

Michele Bartoletti et al.

Summary: The study showed a high incidence of CAPA among critically ill COVID-19 patients, and its occurrence seems to alter the natural course of the disease.

CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2021)

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Editorial Material Immunology

Invasive Fungal Disease Complicating Coronavirus Disease 2019: When It Rains, It Spores

Martin Hoenigl

CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2021)

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Article Immunology

A National Strategy to Diagnose Coronavirus Disease 2019-Associated Invasive Fungal Disease in the Intensive Care Unit

P. Lewis White et al.

Summary: Invasive fungal disease is common in critically ill COVID-19 patients, with 26.7% incidence rate including 14.1% aspergillosis and 12.6% yeast infections. Mortality rates are reduced with antifungal therapy, while corticosteroid use and history of chronic respiratory disease increase the likelihood of aspergillosis. Strategic diagnostic screening and antifungal prophylaxis may enhance the management of COVID-19 patients.

CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2021)

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Editorial Material Public, Environmental & Occupational Health

Public health issues with Candida auris in COVID-19 patients

Edmund J. Janniger et al.

Summary: The COVID-19 pandemic has overwhelmed medical facilities globally, leading to the emergence of Candida auris infections as a significant threat, particularly for COVID-19 patients.

WORLD MEDICAL & HEALTH POLICY (2021)

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Letter Infectious Diseases

Outbreak of Candida auris infection in a COVID-19 hospital in Mexico

Hiram Villanueva-Lozano et al.

CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND INFECTION (2021)

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Review Medicine, General & Internal

Ravaging SARS-CoV-2: rudimentary diagnosis and puzzling immunological responses

Tapan Kumar Mukherjee et al.

Summary: The rapid spread of the COVID-19 pandemic underscored the crucial importance of accurate diagnosis for effective control. Nucleic acid identification and antibody detection serve as complementary strategies in diagnosing SARS-CoV-2 infection, facilitating subsequent immunological responses.

CURRENT MEDICAL RESEARCH AND OPINION (2021)

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Article Infectious Diseases

A challenging complication following SARS-CoV-2 infection: a case of pulmonary mucormycosis

Daniela Pasero et al.

Summary: Infection with the novel coronavirus may lead to lymphopenia and an increased risk of opportunistic infections, including severe fungal infections. This case highlights the potential immune impairments caused by the virus, which can expose patients to higher risks of developing opportunistic infections and resulting in worse outcomes.

INFECTION (2021)

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Review Infectious Diseases

Diagnosis of invasive fungal disease in coronavirus disease 2019: approaches and pitfalls

P. Lewis White

Summary: This review discusses the diagnosis of COVID-19-associated invasive fungal disease (IFD), highlighting unexpected cases of candidosis and mucormycosis. Diagnostic strategies need to involve multiple tests for differentiating causes of IFD. Enhanced surveillance of fungal infections is required given the ever-increasing population at risk of IFD.

CURRENT OPINION IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2021)

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Article Critical Care Medicine

An approach to develop clinical prediction rule for candidemia in critically ill patients: A retrospective observational study

Ahmad Shafie Jameran et al.

Summary: This study identified independent risk factors for candidemia including renal replacement therapy, acute kidney injury, parenteral nutrition, and multifocal Candida colonization. A new prediction score was formulated from the logit model equation.

JOURNAL OF CRITICAL CARE (2021)

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Article Microbiology

Spread of Carbapenem-Resistant Gram-Negatives and Candida auris during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Critically Ill Patients: One Step Back in Antimicrobial Stewardship?

Laura Magnasco et al.

Summary: The risk of colonization/infection with CRPA, C. auris, and CR-Kp is higher among COVID-19 patients, with significant spread of resistant pathogens observed. Dedicated strategies are necessary to prevent spread and maintain effective antimicrobial stewardship programs in the setting of COVID-19 care.

MICROORGANISMS (2021)

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Article Microbiology

Dexamethasone Promotes Aspergillus fumigatus Growth in Macrophages by Triggering M2 Repolarization via Targeting PKM2

Maureen K. Luvanda et al.

Summary: Dexamethasone treatment induces a shift in macrophage polarization from M1 to M2-like macrophages, resulting in a metabolic switch and loss of ability to prevent Aspergillus fumigatus germination. This repolarization of macrophages and switch to an anti-inflammatory phenotype may play a key role in triggering invasive aspergillosis by suppressing innate immunological responses.

JOURNAL OF FUNGI (2021)

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Review Microbiology

Specificity Influences in (1→3)-β-d-Glucan-Supported Diagnosis of Invasive Fungal Disease

Malcolm A. Finkelman

Summary: (1 -> 3)-beta-glucan (BDG) testing has been used as an adjunct in the diagnosis of invasive fungal disease (IFD) for nearly three decades, showing high negative predictive value but potential false positives due to contamination and mucosal barrier injury. Understanding non-IFD causes of elevated circulating BDG, such as iatrogenic contamination and Nocardia sp. infection, can improve the planning and interpretation of BDG assays.

JOURNAL OF FUNGI (2021)

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Article Infectious Diseases

C. auris and non-C. auris candidemia in hospitalized adult and pediatric COVID-19 patients; single center data from Pakistan

Safia Moin et al.

Summary: The study revealed that candidemia cases due to Candida auris in COVID-19 patients had higher prior antifungal exposure, longer hospital stay, higher rates of multidrug-resistant bacteria, and Candida colonization compared to non-C. auris cases.

MEDICAL MYCOLOGY (2021)

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Article Immunology

COVID-19 Impairs Immune Response to Candida albicans

Dominique Moser et al.

Summary: COVID-19 patients with ARDS show abnormal immune phenotypes and cytokine levels, indicating a potential risk for secondary infections. They demonstrate an increased susceptibility to Aspergillus infection and exhibit aberrant immune response towards Candida albicans.

FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY (2021)

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Review Microbiology

Epidemiology of Mucormycosis in India

Hariprasath Prakash et al.

Summary: The incidence of mucormycosis in India is estimated to be around 70 times higher than global data, with diabetes mellitus being the most common risk factor. Despite increased awareness among treating physicians, late medical attention and low affordability for therapy contribute to high morbidity and mortality rates. The rise in cases, new risk factors, and causative agents pose challenges in managing mucormycosis in India.

MICROORGANISMS (2021)

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Article Microbiology

First Candida auris Outbreak during a COVID-19 Pandemic in a Tertiary-Care Center in Lebanon

Fatima Allaw et al.

Summary: This study reported the first cases of Candida auris infection in Lebanon, focusing on clinical features, infection control investigation and interventions. A total of 14 patients with C. auris infection/colonization were identified using MALDI-TOF and VITEK 2-Compact system. Half of the patients were infected with COVID-19 prior to C. auris isolation, highlighting the importance of rapid case detection and reporting to prevent further hospital transmission.

PATHOGENS (2021)

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Article Microbiology

Molecular Epidemiological Investigation of a Nosocomial Cluster of C. auris: Evidence of Recent Emergence in Italy and Ease of Transmission during the COVID-19 Pandemic

Vincenzo Di Pilato et al.

Summary: The study identified the recent introduction of MDR Candida auris in an Italian hospital, likely facilitated by the COVID-19 pandemic. All isolates belonged to the South Asian clade, with most transmission associated with a ward converted to a dedicated ICU during the pandemic.

JOURNAL OF FUNGI (2021)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

The chaperone GRP78 is a host auxiliary factor for SARS-CoV-2 and GRP78 depleting antibody blocks viral entry and infection

Anthony J. Carlos et al.

Summary: In addition to ACE2, GRP78 may play a significant role in SARS-CoV-2 infection as an important host auxiliary factor. Inhibition of GRP78 can reduce ACE2 expression and inhibit viral entry and infection.

JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY (2021)

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Article Microbiology

Investigating Candida glabrata Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs) in Mice Using Bioluminescence Imaging

Sanne Schrevens et al.

Summary: Urinary tract infections caused by fungi, especially Candida species, are common in patients with urinary catheters, and can lead to high mortality rates. The pathogenesis of Candida glabrata UTIs has not been extensively studied, and bioluminescence imaging is an effective tool for in vivo research in this area.

JOURNAL OF FUNGI (2021)

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Article Dermatology

Axillary Digital Thermometers uplifted a multidrug-susceptible Candida auris outbreak among COVID-19 patients in Brazil

Joao Nobrega de Almeida et al.

Summary: This study described the first outbreak of Candida auris in Brazil, highlighting the potential transmission on patients and inanimate surfaces, as well as the antifungal susceptibility and genotyping results. The contaminated axillary monitoring thermometers were identified as an independent risk factor for C. auris colonization, and C. auris-related fungemia showed a high mortality rate.

MYCOSES (2021)

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Article Environmental Sciences

Co-Infections in Critically Ill Patients with or without COVID-19: A Comparison of Clinical Microbial Culture Findings

Rosario Cultrera et al.

Summary: Co-infections in critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 have a significant impact on the outcome of COVID-19. COVID-19-positive patients in ICUs were more likely to have infections by antibiotic-resistant microorganisms compared to COVID-19-negative patients. The severity of respiratory conditions and rapid turnover of patients in ICUs may contribute to the increased frequency of infections.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH (2021)

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Article Microbiology

Candidemia among Iranian Patients with Severe COVID-19 Admitted to ICUs

Amir Arastehfar et al.

Summary: COVID-19 as a novel risk factor has led to an increase in candidemia incidence and mortality rate. A retrospective study in Iran found a high mortality rate among ICU patients with COVID-19-associated candidemia, emphasizing the importance of rapid diagnosis and timely antifungal treatment.

JOURNAL OF FUNGI (2021)

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Review Microbiology

When Uncontrolled Diabetes Mellitus and Severe COVID-19 Converge: The Perfect Storm for Mucormycosis

Teny M. John et al.

Summary: Poorly controlled diabetes and severe COVID-19 are the main risk factors for COVID-19-associated mucormycosis, which typically presents with rhino-orbital or rhino-cerebral syndromes and nearly all infections are confirmed, highlighting the need for heightened awareness among treating physicians.

JOURNAL OF FUNGI (2021)

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Letter Infectious Diseases

COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis (CAPA): how big a problem is it?

Arnaud Fekkar et al.

CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND INFECTION (2021)

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Article Infectious Diseases

Comparison of clinical features and outcomes in COVID-19 and influenza pneumonia patients requiring intensive care unit admission

A. Oliva et al.

Summary: In critically ill patients, male sex, age > 65 years and lymphocytes > 725 cells/mmc are related to COVID-19. FLU is associated with a significantly higher risk of IPA than COVID-19.

INFECTION (2021)

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Article Critical Care Medicine

Taskforce report on the diagnosis and clinical management of COVID-19 associated pulmonary aspergillosis

Paul E. Verweij et al.

Summary: Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) is increasingly reported in severe COVID-19 patients admitted to the ICU. The diagnosis and management of COVID-19 associated pulmonary aspergillosis (CAPA) are challenging, with bronchoscopy and bronchoalveolar lavage as key diagnostic tools. Treatment includes antifungal therapy tailored to the individual patient's clinical condition.

INTENSIVE CARE MEDICINE (2021)

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Letter Critical Care Medicine

Diagnosis and treatment of COVID-19 associated pulmonary apergillosis in critically ill patients: results from a European confederation of medical mycology registry

Juergen Prattes et al.

INTENSIVE CARE MEDICINE (2021)

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Letter Critical Care Medicine

COVID-19 associated pulmonary aspergillosis: regional variation in incidence and diagnostic challenges

Juergen Prattes et al.

INTENSIVE CARE MEDICINE (2021)

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Article Infectious Diseases

Clinical and microbiological features and outcomes of mucormycosis in critically ill patients

Kathrin Rothe et al.

Summary: Mucormycosis is a rare invasive fungal infection with high mortality, especially in critically ill patients with severe underlying immunosuppression. The prognosis is extremely poor, and aggressive strategies for diagnosis and treatment are essential. Further research is needed to assess the potential benefits of combination therapy or prompt surgery in severe cases.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2021)

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Review Medicine, Research & Experimental

Predisposing factors of important invasive fungal coinfections in COVID-19 patients: a review article

Mohammadali Zia et al.

Summary: COVID-19 patients commonly experience opportunistic invasive fungal infections (OIFIs) such as aspergillosis and candidiasis. Factors affecting COVID-19 transmission, prevalence, morbidity, and mortality in Iran include immunological factors, underlying diseases, and social, cultural, and environmental factors. Improving diagnostic and therapeutic criteria for OIFIs is crucial for early diagnosis, treatment, and reducing mortality.

JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL MEDICAL RESEARCH (2021)

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Article Mycology

COVID-19-Associated Pulmonary Aspergillosis at an Academic Medical Center in the Midwestern United States

Anastasia Wasylyshyn et al.

Summary: During the early wave of COVID-19, only 3% of severe patients developed CAPA, and all cases lacked classical risk factors for invasive fungal infections.

MYCOPATHOLOGIA (2021)

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Article Dermatology

Characteristics of candidemia in COVID-19 patients; increased incidence, earlier occurrence and higher mortality rates compared to non-COVID-19 patients

Bircan Kayaaslan et al.

Summary: In ICU, COVID-19 patients are more prone to candidemia than non-COVID-19 patients, with higher incidence, earlier onset, and higher mortality. Factors like corticosteroid use, presence of sepsis, and age over 65 are independently associated with mortality in candidemia patients.

MYCOSES (2021)

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Review Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Understanding the role of ACE-2 receptor in pathogenesis of COVID-19 disease: a potential approach for therapeutic intervention

Ekta Shirbhate et al.

Summary: ACE and ACE2 are linked to hypertension and cardiovascular disorders. COVID-19 exploits ACE2 receptors to enter human cells, leading to novel theories on their role in pathophysiology. Studies are raising questions about the significance of ACE proteins and genetic variants in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection.

PHARMACOLOGICAL REPORTS (2021)

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Article Mycology

Aspergillus fumigatus and aspergillosis: From basics to clinics

A. Arastehfar et al.

Summary: The airborne fungus Aspergillus fumigatus poses a serious health threat by causing invasive infections in humans, with frontline azole therapeutics being limited by the emergence of resistant isolates. The search for novel antifungal drugs to combat emerging resistance is ongoing, while advancements in genetic engineering and whole-genome sequencing are being explored to understand and address challenges caused by A. fumigatus.

STUDIES IN MYCOLOGY (2021)

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Letter Critical Care Medicine

Rising incidence of mucormycosis in patients with COVID-19: another challenge for India amidst the second wave?

Akshay Raut et al.

LANCET RESPIRATORY MEDICINE (2021)

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Article Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Low-Grade Endotoxemia and Thrombosis in COVID-19

Alessandra Oliva et al.

Summary: This study found that low-grade endotoxemia is detectable in patients with COVID-19 and is associated with thrombotic events. LPS and D-dimer can independently predict thrombotic events in COVID-19 patients.

CLINICAL AND TRANSLATIONAL GASTROENTEROLOGY (2021)

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Article Immunology

Persistent Systemic Microbial Translocation and Intestinal Damage During Coronavirus Disease-19

Alessandra Oliva et al.

Summary: This study found that microbial translocation and intestinal damage in COVID-19 patients have not been well explored, but are associated with gut permeability. ICU patients had higher levels of microbial translocation, and patients with higher levels of microbial translocation and lower levels of intestinal damage were more likely to be admitted to the ICU.

FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY (2021)

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Article Immunology

A High Frequency of Candida auris Blood Stream Infections in Coronavirus Disease 2019 Patients Admitted to Intensive Care Units, Northwestern India: A Case Control Study

Ekadashi Rajni et al.

Summary: The study assessed the incidence and risk factors for candidemia in COVID-19 patients admitted to ICUs in India, revealing an increased incidence in COVID-19 patients, with tocilizumab use, ICU stay duration, and elevated ferritin level as independent predictors for candidemia development.

OPEN FORUM INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2021)

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Article Immunology

Multinational Observational Cohort Study of COVID-19-Associated Pulmonary Aspergillosis1

Nico A. F. Janssen et al.

Summary: An observational study found an incidence of 10%-15% of coronavirus-disease associated pulmonary aspergillosis in intensive care units, with several factors independently associated with the disease in one cohort and mortality rates ranging from 43%-52%.

EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2021)

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Article Immunology

Multicenter Epidemiologic Study of Coronavirus Disease-Associated Mucormycosis, India

Atul Patel et al.

Summary: This study found an increase in mucormycosis cases in India during the COVID-19 pandemic, mainly due to inappropriate glucocorticoid use, resulting in a higher mortality rate among mucormycosis patients.

EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2021)

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Article Immunology

COVID-19-Associated Pulmonary Aspergillosis, March-August 2020

Jon Salmanton-Garcia et al.

Summary: This study found that most patients with coronavirus disease-associated pulmonary aspergillosis (CAPA) are diagnosed shortly after admission, with the majority being treated in the ICU. Azole-resistant strains of Aspergillus fumigatus were common in patients, and voriconazole was the main treatment choice. The overall mortality rate was approximately 52.2%, with about one third of deaths attributed to CAPA.

EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2021)

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Review Respiratory System

The role of co-infections and secondary infections in patients with COVID-19

Charles Feldman et al.

Summary: The current review provides an extensive look at the prevalence of co-infections and superinfections in patients with COVID-19, highlighting their potential impact on the severity and outcome of the disease. However, a clear distinction between the two types of infections is often lacking in the literature.

PNEUMONIA (2021)

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Review Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Therapeutic role of corticosteroids in COVID-19: a systematic review of registered clinical trials

Reshma Raju et al.

Summary: This article analyzed global trials on the use of corticosteroids in treating COVID-19, showing promising results for the use of methylprednisolone and dexamethasone in severe cases of the disease. However, more data is needed to prove the balance of risks and benefits.

FUTURE JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES (2021)

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Article Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine

SARS-CoV-2, Uncontrolled Diabetes and Corticosteroids-An Unholy Trinity in Invasive Fungal Infections of the Maxillofacial Region? A Retrospective, Multi-centric Analysis

Aditya Moorthy et al.

Summary: Analyzing data on maxillofacial/rhino-cerebro-orbital fungal infections during the Covid-19 pandemic revealed a significant increase in diabetic patients infected with SARS-CoV-2, with a strong association with corticosteroid administration. The study highlights the importance of understanding common contributing factors to such infections and the need for further research in this area.

JOURNAL OF MAXILLOFACIAL & ORAL SURGERY (2021)

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Article Medicine, Research & Experimental

Multi-triazole-resistant Aspergillus fumigatus and SARS-CoV-2 co-infection: A lethal combination

Aia Mohamed et al.

Summary: This case demonstrates the importance of recognizing Aspergillus infection in respiratory samples in severe COVID-19 patients. Early diagnosis and detection of triazole resistance are crucial for selecting appropriate antifungal therapy to improve treatment outcomes in cases of coronavirus-associated invasive aspergillosis.

MEDICAL MYCOLOGY CASE REPORTS (2021)

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Article Medicine, Research & Experimental

Recovery of a triazole-resistant Aspergillus fumigatus in respiratory specimen of COVID-19 patient in ICU - A case report

Theo Ghelfenstein-Ferreira et al.

Summary: Although invasive pulmonary aspergillosis is more commonly seen in immunocompromised hosts, patients with severe influenza and COVID-19 can also develop this condition. Proper diagnostic tools for invasive aspergillosis in severe COVID-19 patients need to be defined.

MEDICAL MYCOLOGY CASE REPORTS (2021)

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Article Endocrinology & Metabolism

SARS-CoV-2 infects and replicates in cells of the human endocrine and exocrine pancreas

Janis A. Mueller et al.

Summary: The study shows that SARS-CoV-2 can infect and impact insulin secretion in human pancreatic cells, potentially contributing to metabolic dysregulation observed in COVID-19 patients.

NATURE METABOLISM (2021)

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Review Respiratory System

Viral respiratory infections: a cause of community-acquired pneumonia or a predisposing factor?

Forest W. Arnold et al.

CURRENT OPINION IN PULMONARY MEDICINE (2020)

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Editorial Material Critical Care Medicine

Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as a SARS-CoV-2 receptor: molecular mechanisms and potential therapeutic target

Haibo Zhang et al.

INTENSIVE CARE MEDICINE (2020)

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Letter Critical Care Medicine

Clinical predictors of mortality due to COVID-19 based on an analysis of data of 150 patients from Wuhan, China

Qiurong Ruan et al.

INTENSIVE CARE MEDICINE (2020)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Clinical Characteristics of 138 Hospitalized Patients With 2019 Novel Coronavirus-Infected Pneumonia in Wuhan, China

Dawei Wang et al.

JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION (2020)

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Article Oncology

Pulmonary Pathology of Early-Phase 2019 Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pneumonia in Two Patients With Lung Cancer

Sufang Tian et al.

JOURNAL OF THORACIC ONCOLOGY (2020)

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Editorial Material Medicine, General & Internal

Clinical evidence does not support corticosteroid treatment for 2019-nCoV lung injury

Clark D. Russell et al.

LANCET (2020)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study

Nanshan Chen et al.

LANCET (2020)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin

Peng Zhou et al.

NATURE (2020)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Clinical Characteristics of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in China

W. Guan et al.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2020)

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Letter Medicine, General & Internal

SARS-CoV-2 Viral Load in Upper Respiratory Specimens of Infected Patients

Lirong Zou et al.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2020)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Early Transmission Dynamics in Wuhan, China, of Novel Coronavirus-Infected Pneumonia

Qun Li et al.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2020)

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Review Critical Care Medicine

Mucormycosis

Gail Reid et al.

SEMINARS IN RESPIRATORY AND CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE (2020)

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Article Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine

High expression of ACE2 receptor of 2019-nCoV on the epithelial cells of oral mucosa

Hao Xu et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ORAL SCIENCE (2020)

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Article Microbiology

The species Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus: classifying 2019-nCoV and naming it SARS-CoV-2

Alexander E. Gorbalenya et al.

NATURE MICROBIOLOGY (2020)

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Letter Critical Care Medicine

COVID-19-associated Pulmonary Aspergillosis

Andreas L. E. van Arkel et al.

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF RESPIRATORY AND CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE (2020)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

SARS-CoV-2 Cell Entry Depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and Is Blocked by a Clinically Proven Protease Inhibitor

Markus Hoffmann et al.

CELL (2020)

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Review Medical Laboratory Technology

Hematologic, biochemical and immune biomarker abnormalities associated with severe illness and mortality in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a meta-analysis

Brandon Michael Henry et al.

CLINICAL CHEMISTRY AND LABORATORY MEDICINE (2020)

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Article Immunology

Coronavirus Disease 2019, Superinfections, and Antimicrobial Development: What Can We Expect?

Cornelius J. Clancy et al.

CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2020)

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Article Immunology

Dysregulation of Immune Response in Patients With Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) in Wuhan, China

Chuan Qin et al.

CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2020)

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Article Critical Care Medicine

Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a single-centered, retrospective, observational study

Xiaobo Yang et al.

Lancet Respiratory Medicine (2020)

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Article Critical Care Medicine

Pathological findings of COVID-19 associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome

Zhe Xu et al.

LANCET RESPIRATORY MEDICINE (2020)

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Review Pediatrics

A Review of Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19)

Tanu Singhal

INDIAN JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS (2020)

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Letter Public, Environmental & Occupational Health

Bacterial and fungal infections in COVID-19 patients: A matter of concern

Pengcheng Zhou et al.

INFECTION CONTROL AND HOSPITAL EPIDEMIOLOGY (2020)

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Article Public, Environmental & Occupational Health

Candida auris Isolates Resistant to Three Classes of Antifungal Medications — New York, 2019

Belinda Ostrowsky et al.

MMWR-MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY WEEKLY REPORT (2020)

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Article Medicine, Research & Experimental

Clinical and immunological features of severe and moderate coronavirus disease 2019

Guang Chen et al.

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL INVESTIGATION (2020)

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Review Infectious Diseases

Co-infections in people with COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Louise Lansbury et al.

JOURNAL OF INFECTION (2020)

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Article Virology

The presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the feces of COVID-19 patients

Yifei Chen et al.

JOURNAL OF MEDICAL VIROLOGY (2020)

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Article Microbiology

GRP78 and Integrins Play Different Roles in Host Cell Invasion during Mucormycosis

Abdullah Alqarihi et al.

MBIO (2020)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Risk Factors Associated With Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome and Death in Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pneumonia in Wuhan, China

Chaomin Wu et al.

JAMA INTERNAL MEDICINE (2020)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Investigation of three clusters of COVID-19 in Singapore: implications for surveillance and response measures

Rachael Pung et al.

LANCET (2020)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study

Fei Zhou et al.

LANCET (2020)

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Letter Critical Care Medicine

COVID-19-associated invasive pulmonary aspergillosis

Lynn Rutsaert et al.

ANNALS OF INTENSIVE CARE (2020)

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Letter Critical Care Medicine

Prevalence of putative invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in critically ill patients with COVID-19

Alexandre Alanio et al.

LANCET RESPIRATORY MEDICINE (2020)

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Editorial Material Multidisciplinary Sciences

Pathogenic T-cells and inflammatory monocytes incite inflammatory storms in severe COVID-19 patients

Yonggang Zhou et al.

NATIONAL SCIENCE REVIEW (2020)

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Article Dermatology

COVID-19 associated pulmonary aspergillosis

Philipp Koehler et al.

MYCOSES (2020)

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Letter Critical Care Medicine

Detection of Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis in COVID-19 with Nondirected BAL

Stefaan Van Biesen et al.

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF RESPIRATORY AND CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE (2020)

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Letter Infectious Diseases

Incidence of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis among critically ill COVID-19 patients

Frederic Lamoth et al.

CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND INFECTION (2020)

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Review Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

The microbial coinfection in COVID-19

Xi Chen et al.

APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY (2020)

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Review Infectious Diseases

Aspergillus fumigatusand pan-azole resistance: who should be concerned?

Nathan P. Wiederhold et al.

CURRENT OPINION IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2020)

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Article Endocrinology & Metabolism

High prevalence of COVID-19-associated diabetic ketoacidosis in UK secondary care

Nina Goldman et al.

DIABETES RESEARCH AND CLINICAL PRACTICE (2020)

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Review Microbiology

Secondary Bacterial Infections During Pulmonary Viral Disease: Phage Therapeutics as Alternatives to Antibiotics?

Prasanth Manohar et al.

FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY (2020)

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Review Critical Care Medicine

Review of influenza-associated pulmonary aspergillosis in ICU patients and proposal for a case definition: an expert opinion

Paul E. Verweij et al.

INTENSIVE CARE MEDICINE (2020)

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Editorial Material Mycology

Invasive fungal diseases during COVID-19: We should be prepared

J. -P. Gangneux et al.

JOURNAL DE MYCOLOGIE MEDICALE (2020)

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Article Engineering, Multidisciplinary

Clinical Significance of the Correlation between Changes in the Major Intestinal Bacteria Species and COVID-19 Severity

Lingling Tang et al.

ENGINEERING (2020)

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Review Medicine, General & Internal

Secondary Bacterial Infections in Patients With Viral Pneumonia

Prasanth Manohar et al.

FRONTIERS IN MEDICINE (2020)

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Article Microbiology

Is the COVID-19 Pandemic a Good Time to IncludeAspergillusMolecular Detection to Categorize Aspergillosis in ICU Patients? A Monocentric Experience

Jean-Pierre Gangneux et al.

JOURNAL OF FUNGI (2020)

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Review Microbiology

COVID-19 Associated Pulmonary Aspergillosis (CAPA)-From Immunology to Treatment

Amir Arastehfar et al.

JOURNAL OF FUNGI (2020)

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Article Microbiology

Azole-Resistant COVID-19-Associated Pulmonary Aspergillosis in an Immunocompetent Host: A Case Report

Eelco F. J. Meijer et al.

JOURNAL OF FUNGI (2020)

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Article Virology

Co-infection with respiratory pathogens among COVID-2019 cases

Xiaojuan Zhu et al.

VIRUS RESEARCH (2020)

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Editorial Material Infectious Diseases

The lurking scourge of multidrug resistant Candida auris in times of COVID-19 pandemic

Anuradha Chowdhary et al.

JOURNAL OF GLOBAL ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE (2020)

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Article Microbiology

Pan-Echinocandin-Resistant Candida glabrata Bloodstream Infection Complicating COVID-19: A Fatal Case Report

Brunella Posteraro et al.

JOURNAL OF FUNGI (2020)

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Review Microbiology

COVID-19-Associated Candidiasis (CAC): An Underestimated Complication in the Absence of Immunological Predispositions?

Amir Arastehfar et al.

JOURNAL OF FUNGI (2020)

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Article Emergency Medicine

COVID-19: An Emerging Threat to Antibiotic Stewardship in the Emergency Department

Michael S. Pulia et al.

WESTERN JOURNAL OF EMERGENCY MEDICINE (2020)

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Review Infectious Diseases

Defining and managing COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis: the 2020 ECMM/ISHAM consensus criteria for research and clinical guidance

Philipp Koehler et al.

LANCET INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2020)

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Review Critical Care Medicine

Corticosteroid use in COVID-19 patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis on clinical outcomes

Judith van Paassen et al.

CRITICAL CARE (2020)

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Article Microbiology

Is the Frequency of Candidemia Increasing in COVID-19 Patients Receiving Corticosteroids?

Cezar V. W. Riche et al.

JOURNAL OF FUNGI (2020)

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Article Immunology

Multidrug-Resistant Candida auris Infections in Critically III Coronavirus Disease Patients, India, April-July 2020

Anuradha Chowdhary et al.

EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2020)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

COVID-19: immunopathogenesis and Immunotherapeutics

Li Yang et al.

SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION AND TARGETED THERAPY (2020)

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Review Critical Care Medicine

Role of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in COVID-19

Wentao Ni et al.

CRITICAL CARE (2020)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Viral Load Kinetics of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in First Two Patients in Korea

Jin Yong Kim et al.

JOURNAL OF KOREAN MEDICAL SCIENCE (2020)

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Review Infectious Diseases

The epidemiology and clinical manifestations of mucormycosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of case reports

W. Jeong et al.

CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND INFECTION (2019)

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Article Critical Care Medicine

ESICM/ESCMID task force on practical management of invasive candidiasis in critically ill patients

Ignacio Martin-Loeches et al.

INTENSIVE CARE MEDICINE (2019)

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Article Microbiology

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Viroporin 3a Activates the NLRP3 Inflammasome

I-Yin Chen et al.

FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY (2019)

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Article Dermatology

False positive bronchoalveolar lavage galactomannan: Effect of host and cut-off value

Dimitrios Farmakiotis et al.

MYCOSES (2019)

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Review Microbiology

Candida auris: A systematic review and meta-analysis of current updates on an emerging multidrug-resistant pathogen

John Osei Sekyere

MICROBIOLOGYOPEN (2018)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Iron restriction inside macrophages regulates pulmonary host defense against Rhizopus species

Angeliki M. Andrianaki et al.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2018)

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Review Infectious Diseases

Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis complicating severe influenza: epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment

Lore Vanderbeke et al.

CURRENT OPINION IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2018)

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Review Microbiology

Candida auris: a Review of the Literature

Anna Jeffery-Smith et al.

CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY REVIEWS (2018)

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Article Infectious Diseases

Pulmonary mucormycosis: clinical features and outcomes

Erica Lin et al.

INFECTION (2017)

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Article Medicine, Research & Experimental

Bicarbonate correction of ketoacidosis alters host-pathogen interactions and alleviates mucormycosis

Teclegiorgis Gebremariam et al.

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL INVESTIGATION (2016)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

An integrated genomic and transcriptomic survey of mucormycosis-causing fungi

Marcus C. Chibucos et al.

Nature Communications (2016)

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Review Respiratory System

The clinical spectrum of pulmonary aspergillosis

Chris Kosmidis et al.

THORAX (2015)

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Article Medicine, Research & Experimental

CotH3 mediates fungal invasion of host cells during mucormycosis

Teclegiorgis Gebremariam et al.

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL INVESTIGATION (2014)

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Article Dermatology

Mucormycosis in India: unique features

Arunaloke Chakrabarti et al.

MYCOSES (2014)

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Review Immunology

Candida albicans pathogenicity mechanisms

Francois L. Mayer et al.

VIRULENCE (2013)

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Article Critical Care Medicine

A Clinical Algorithm to Diagnose Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis in Critically Ill Patients

Stijn I. Blot et al.

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF RESPIRATORY AND CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE (2012)

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Article Hematology

The strategy for the diagnosis of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis should depend on both the underlying condition and the leukocyte count of patients with hematologic malignancies

Anne Bergeron et al.

BLOOD (2012)

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Review Infectious Diseases

ESCMID* guideline for the diagnosis and management of Candida diseases 2012: non-neutropenic adult patients

O. A. Cornely et al.

CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND INFECTION (2012)

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Article Immunology

Recognition of fungal RNA by TLR7 has a nonredundant role in host defense against experimental candidiasis

Carmelo Biondo et al.

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (2012)

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Article Microbiology

Detection of Galactomannan in Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid Samples of Patients at Risk for Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis: Analytical and Clinical Validity

Jorien D'Haese et al.

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY (2012)

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Article Respiratory System

Dexamethasone as adjunctive therapy for treatment of varicella pneumonia

Mohamed A. Saraya et al.

EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF CHEST DISEASES AND TUBERCULOSIS (2012)

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Article Hematology

Mucorales-specific T cells emerge in the course of invasive mucormycosis and may be used as a surrogate diagnostic marker in high-risk patients

Leonardo Potenza et al.

BLOOD (2011)

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Review Immunology

β-D-Glucan Assay for the Diagnosis of Invasive Fungal Infections: A Meta-analysis

Drosos E. Karageorgopoulos et al.

CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2011)

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Review Microbiology

Host cell invasion in mucormycosis: role of iron

Ashraf S. Ibrahim

CURRENT OPINION IN MICROBIOLOGY (2011)

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Article Immunology

Conventional Dendritic Cells Mount a Type I IFN Response against Candida spp. Requiring Novel Phagosomal TLR7-Mediated IFN-β Signaling

Christelle Bourgeois et al.

JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (2011)

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Article Medicine, Research & Experimental

The endothelial cell receptor GRP78 is required for mucormycosis pathogenesis in diabetic mice

Mingfu Liu et al.

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL INVESTIGATION (2010)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

The high affinity iron permease is a key virulence factor required for Rhizopus oryzae pathogenesis

Ashraf S. Ibrahim et al.

MOLECULAR MICROBIOLOGY (2010)

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Article Critical Care Medicine

The use of mannan antigen and anti-mannan antibodies in the diagnosis of invasive candidiasis: recommendations from the Third European Conference on Infections in Leukemia

Malgorzata Mikulska et al.

CRITICAL CARE (2010)

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Review Microbiology

Pathogenesis of Aspergillus fumigatus in Invasive Aspergillosis

Taylor R. T. Dagenais et al.

CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY REVIEWS (2009)

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Article Critical Care Medicine

Usefulness of the Candida score for discriminating between Candida colonization and invasive candidiasis in non-neutropenic critically ill patients: A prospective multicenter study

Cristobal Leon et al.

CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE (2009)

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Article Virology

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Papain-Like Protease Ubiquitin-Like Domain and Catalytic Domain Regulate Antagonism of IRF3 and NF-κB Signaling

Matthew Frieman et al.

JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY (2009)

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Article Immunology

Genomic and non-genomic effects of dexamethasone on equine peripheral blood neutrophils

L. Lecoq et al.

VETERINARY IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY (2009)

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Review Physiology

The discovery of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 and its role in acute lung injury in mice

Yumiko Imai et al.

EXPERIMENTAL PHYSIOLOGY (2008)

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Article Virology

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus nsp1 suppresses host gene expression, including that of type I interferon, in infected cells

Krishna Narayananj et al.

JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY (2008)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Mutations in the multi-drug resistance regulator MRR1, followed by loss of heterozygosity, are the main cause of MDR1 overexpression in fluconazole-resistant Candida albicans strains

Nico Dunkel et al.

MOLECULAR MICROBIOLOGY (2008)

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Article Virology

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus ORF6 antagonizes STAT1 function by sequestering nuclear import factors on the rough endoplasmic Reticulum/Golgi membrane

Matthew Frieman et al.

JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY (2007)

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Review Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 in lung diseases

Keiji Kuba et al.

CURRENT OPINION IN PHARMACOLOGY (2006)

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Article Virology

ACE2 receptor expression and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection depend on differentiation of human airway epithelia

HP Jia et al.

JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY (2005)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Inhibitors of cathepsin L prevent severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus entry

G Simmons et al.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (2005)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

A crucial role of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in SARS coronavirus-induced lung injury

K Kuba et al.

NATURE MEDICINE (2005)

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Article Immunology

Multiple organ infection and the pathogenesis of SARS

J Gu et al.

JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE (2005)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 protects from severe acute lung failure

Y Imai et al.

NATURE (2005)

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Article Immunology

Severe acute respiratory syndrome and the innate immune responses: Modulation of effector cell function without productive infection

CTK Tseng et al.

JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (2005)

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Article Virology

Cytokine responses in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-infected macrophages in vitro: possible relevance to pathogenesis

CY Cheung et al.

JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY (2005)

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Review Immunology

Apoptosis, pyroptosis, and necrosis: Mechanistic description of dead and dying eukaryotic cells

SL Fink et al.

INFECTION AND IMMUNITY (2005)

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Article Virology

SARS-coronavirus replication in human peripheral monocytes/macrophages

M Yilla et al.

VIRUS RESEARCH (2005)

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Article Immunology

Plasma inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in severe acute respiratory syndrome

CK Wong et al.

CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL IMMUNOLOGY (2004)

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Article Infectious Diseases

Voriconazole - a new therapeutic agent with an extended spectrum of antifungal activity

JP Donnelly et al.

CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND INFECTION (2004)

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Article Oncology

Tissue distribution of ACE2 protein, the functional receptor for SARS coronavirus. A first step in understanding SARS pathogenesis

I Hamming et al.

JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY (2004)

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Article Virology

Amino acids 270 to 510 of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus spike protein are required for interaction with receptor

GJ Babcock et al.

JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY (2004)

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Article Infectious Diseases

Investigation of multidrug efflux pumps in relation to fluconazole resistance in Candida albicans biofilms

G Ramage et al.

JOURNAL OF ANTIMICROBIAL CHEMOTHERAPY (2002)

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