☆ 4.3 Review

Mechanisms of Low-Temperature Processes of Biomass Conversion (A Review)

PETROLEUM CHEMISTRY (2023)

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Review Environmental Sciences

Lignocellulosic biomass-based pyrolysis: A comprehensive review

K. N. Yogalakshmi et al.

Summary: The article discusses the efficient application of lignocellulosic biomass for producing valuable chemicals, focusing on the pyrolysis conversion mechanism and influential parameters. It critically analyzes the environmental and economical aspects while addressing challenges and potential solutions in implementing lignocellulosic biomass pyrolysis.

CHEMOSPHERE (2022)

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Review Energy & Fuels

A comprehensive review on lignin pyrolysis: Mechanism, modeling and the effects of inherent metals in biomass

Erwei Leng et al.

Summary: This paper comprehensively reviews the pyrolysis of lignin, including mechanism, modeling, and the effects of inorganic species. It discusses the pyrolysis characteristics, depolymerization mechanism, and different types of models used, as well as the influences of alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, and transition metals on lignin pyrolysis. Challenges and prospects are also discussed in the last section of the article.

FUEL (2022)

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Article Chemistry, Analytical

Insights about the effect of composition, branching and molecular weight on the slow pyrolysis of xylose-based polysaccharides

Valentina Gargiulo et al.

Summary: This study investigates the impact of structural features of xylose-based hemicelluloses on pyrolysis products distribution, finding that the chain branching degree has a greater effect on the pyrolytic behavior of xylose-based hemicelluloses, while the liquid composition of different hemicelluloses shows some variations.

JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL AND APPLIED PYROLYSIS (2022)

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Article Forestry

Calorific Characteristics of Larch (Larix decidua) and Oak (Quercus robur) Pellets Realized from Native and Torrefied Sawdust

Aurel Lunguleasa et al.

Summary: This research evaluated the calorific characteristics of biomass pellets made from larch and oak sawdust, and found that the calorific values increased significantly after thermal treatment. The study highlighted the importance of biomass as a sustainable fuel, despite its decreased role in recent decades.

FORESTS (2022)

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Article Environmental Sciences

Comparison of Fuels and Effluents Originating from Washing and Hydrothermal Carbonisation of Residual Biomass

Lynn J. Hansen et al.

Summary: The study showed that hydrothermal carbonization has a greater impact on fuel quality than washing, significantly increasing the heating value of hydrochar. Treatment temperature has a significant influence on the lower heating value and elemental composition. Both washing and hydrothermal carbonization effectively reduce potassium and chlorine content, while limited impact on the removal of alkaline, phosphorous, and silicon.

WASTE AND BIOMASS VALORIZATION (2022)

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Article Energy & Fuels

Animal Biomass as a Raw Material for Basic Organic Synthesis Products

M. Kulikova et al.

Summary: This review examines the potential use of animal biomass as a renewable raw material for obtaining CO2-neutral fuel without affecting the carbon dioxide balance in the atmosphere. The integration of animal biomass into contemporary petro- and biochemical processes is determined through an assessment of its characteristics. In addition, the review provides information on the various types of animal biomass, including their structural and element compositions, as well as their quantity and calorific value.

CHEMISTRY AND TECHNOLOGY OF FUELS AND OILS (2022)

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Review Energy & Fuels

Plant Biomass as a Raw Material for Producing Basic Organic Sysnthesis Products

M. Kulikova et al.

Summary: This paper explores the use of plant biomass as a potential renewable raw material for producing CO2-neutral fuel. It evaluates the characteristics and integration potential of different biomass types, such as wood wastes, peat, and microalgae. The study describes the main characteristics, structural composition, and elemental composition of biomass, and estimates the quantity and energy value of selected biomass types.

CHEMISTRY AND TECHNOLOGY OF FUELS AND OILS (2022)

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Article Green & Sustainable Science & Technology

Characteristics and evolution of heavy components in bio-oil from the pyrolysis of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin

Dian Zhong et al.

Summary: The evolution paths of heavy compounds during pyrolysis of biomass components were influenced by temperature, with phenolic-like substances being the most active during secondary reactions. Increasing temperature promoted secondary reactions of phenolic-like species while inhibiting reactions of hemicellulose. Lignin-derived lipids and unsaturated hydrocarbons increased with rising temperature, showing more complex evolution paths compared to cellulose and hemicellulose.

RENEWABLE & SUSTAINABLE ENERGY REVIEWS (2022)

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Article Energy & Fuels

Interaction mechanism between cellulose and hemicellulose during the hydrothermal carbonization of lignocellulosic biomass

Jiandong Jia et al.

Summary: This study investigated the interaction reactions between cellulose and hemicellulose during hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) and the formation mechanism of hydrochar. The results showed that co-carbonization of glucose and xylose led to the generation of more benzenes, with a synergistic effect observed between the two sugars. The aqueous product of co-HTC contained a high concentration of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF), which could polymerize with benzenes and furfural to form insoluble furan-benzene polymers. This polymerization process increased the aromatization degree and energy density of the hydrochar.

ENERGY SCIENCE & ENGINEERING (2022)

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Article Energy & Fuels

Effect of hydrothermal carbonization on woody biomass: From structure to reactivity

Qing He et al.

Summary: Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) pretreatment was conducted on pinewood and poplar wood to investigate its effect on woody biomass structure and reactivity. The results showed that slight and moderate HTC improved cellulose structure, while severe HTC led to cellulose decomposition. The increase in HTC temperature resulted in higher mesoporous specific surface area and pore volume, with pinewood showing more developed pore structure. HTC had little effect on cellulose structure under slight HTC, with diffusion playing a dominant role. Severe HTC increased lignin content and followed a high order reaction model during pyrolysis. The T-HTC/T-raw values for pinewood and poplar wood ranged from 0.938 to 1.340 and 0.924 to 1.422, indicating significant effects of HTC pretreatment on poplar wood pyrolysis reactivity.

FUEL (2022)

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Article Thermodynamics

Insight into biomass pyrolysis mechanism based on cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin: Evolution of volatiles and kinetics, elucidation of reaction pathways, and characterization of gas, biochar and bio-oil

Dengyu Chen et al.

Summary: This study investigated the pyrolysis behavior and product of the three major components of biomass. The results showed that their characteristics and thermal stability were related to their unique chemical structures. Different volatiles were generated during pyrolysis, and the thermal decomposition pathways of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin were proposed.

COMBUSTION AND FLAME (2022)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Transformations of the Structural Components of Sawdust and Peat under Conditions of Hydrothermal Carbonization and Torrefaction

V. M. Zaichenko et al.

Summary: This study investigated the conversion of hemicelluloses, cellulose, and lignin from peat and sawdust under hydrothermal carbonization and torrefaction conditions. The results showed that the carbon efficiency of the thermochemical conversion was significantly influenced by the nature of the raw materials and the heat-treatment method.

SOLID FUEL CHEMISTRY (2022)

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Review Food Science & Technology

The potential of subcritical water as a green method for the extraction and modification of pectin: A critical review

Somnath Basak et al.

Summary: Subcritical water extraction of pectin preserves the hairy region and has high selectivity, while subcritical water can aid in the breakdown of pectic polysaccharides into oligosaccharides. The extracted pectin exhibits better bioactive and emulsifying properties, but negatively affects rheological properties. Organic acids in subcritical water have a similar action as enzymes in hydrolyzing pectic polysaccharides into fragments.

FOOD RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL (2022)

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Article Energy & Fuels

Biochar characteristics produced via hydrothermal carbonization and torrefaction of peat and sawdust

Kristina Krysanova et al.

Summary: Biochars made by hydrothermal carbonization and torrefaction have stable structures and rich chemical properties, which make them suitable for both fuel and as substitutes for fossil coals.

FUEL (2022)

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Article Environmental Sciences

Bamboo derived hydrochar microspheres fabricated by acid-assisted hydrothermal carbonization

Shen Zhang et al.

Summary: Functional hydrochar microspheres were successfully fabricated using bamboo residues through acid-assisted hydrothermal carbonization. The addition of acids significantly influenced the reaction pathway and promoted the hydrolysis process, leading to the formation of single micron carbon spheres or irregularly shaped particles. This study demonstrates the potential of acid-assisted hydrothermal carbonization for producing functional hydrochar microspheres.

CHEMOSPHERE (2021)

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Article Thermodynamics

Development of a mathematical model for hydrothermal carbonization of biomass: Comparison of experimental measurements with model predictions

Mohammad Heidari et al.

Summary: The study developed a mathematical model for hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) for the first time, incorporating heat transfer rate, reaction kinetics, and the porous structure of biomass. Experimental validation confirmed the reliability of the model, which can serve as a first step in designing an industrial reactor for hydrothermal conversion of biomass, potentially attracting investors and policy makers for commercialization of this technology.

ENERGY (2021)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Evolution of carbon nanostructure during pyrolysis of homogeneous chitosan-cellulose composite fibers

Hilda Zahra et al.

Summary: The study confirms the catalytic role of chitosan in altering the cellulose pyrolysis pathway at moderate temperatures, enhancing dehydration reaction and reducing the formation of specific products, ultimately leading to a higher char yield.

CARBON (2021)

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Article Energy & Fuels

Hydrothermal conversion of different lignocellulosic biomass feedstocks-Effect of the process conditions on hydrochar structures

Fatih Gulec et al.

Summary: In this study, hydrothermal processing of five biomass feedstocks under different conditions revealed structural changes in biomass, categorized into three groups based on lignocellulosic composition. The yield of hydrochar was influenced by the initial structure of the biomass, with higher lignin content biomass showing lower transformation and lower hydrochar yield. Additionally, a novel technique called displacement was introduced to quantify the impact of hydrothermal treatment on biomass structure and reactivity.

FUEL (2021)

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Review Thermodynamics

Progress in biomass torrefaction: Principles, applications and challenges

Wei-Hsin Chen et al.

Summary: The development of biofuels is important for reducing CO2 emissions, and torrefaction is seen as the most efficient route. Despite the drawbacks of solid biomass fuels, torrefaction technology is gaining attention for its potential benefits.

PROGRESS IN ENERGY AND COMBUSTION SCIENCE (2021)

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Article Green & Sustainable Science & Technology

Pyrolysis of cellulose: Evolution of functionalities and structure of bio-char versus temperature

Chenting Zhang et al.

Summary: The study on the pyrolysis of cellulose revealed that high temperature affects the transformation of organics and the evolution of bio-char structure. With increasing temperature, the bio-oil production first increases and then decreases, while the structure of bio-char undergoes reconstruction, forming different functional groups and graphite structures.

RENEWABLE & SUSTAINABLE ENERGY REVIEWS (2021)

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Review Green & Sustainable Science & Technology

Review on biomass feedstocks, pyrolysis mechanism and physicochemical properties of biochar: State-of-the-art framework to speed up vision of circular bioeconomy

Gajanan Sampatrao Ghodake et al.

Summary: Biochar is a solid carbon-rich material produced by thermochemical conversion of biomass under an inert atmosphere. It can be produced at different scales and used in various fields such as soil amendment and agricultural sustainability. The sustainable production practices and multi-functionality make biochar a promising candidate.

JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION (2021)

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Article Green & Sustainable Science & Technology

Hydrothermal carbonization and liquefaction for sustainable production of hydrochar and aromatics

Yang Cao et al.

Summary: This article critically reviews the recent advances in hydrothermal carbonization and liquefaction technologies for the sustainable production of hydrochar and aromatics from different biomass wastes. The importance of identifying the physical and chemical properties of feedstock, as well as the science-informed design and optimization of operational parameters, are crucial for the selective production of valueadded chemicals and multifunctional hydrochar. Current limitations and original perspectives for advancing hydrothermal processing of biomass towards carbon-efficient resource utilization and circular economy in future applications are identified and discussed in this review.

RENEWABLE & SUSTAINABLE ENERGY REVIEWS (2021)

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Article Energy & Fuels

Hydrothermal Carbonization (HTC) of Seaweed (Macroalgae) for Producing Hydrochar

Neel Patel et al.

Summary: This study aims to address the ecological issues caused by waste seaweed collected at coastal regions of maritime provinces in Canada by converting it into hydrochar and processed water using hydrothermal carbonization. Results showed that hydrochar produced at higher temperatures and longer reaction times had higher carbon content and heating value, making it suitable for fuel, soil remediation, and carbon sequestration applications.

ENERGIES (2021)

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Article Energy & Fuels

Oriented valorization of cellulose and xylan into anhydrosugars by using low-temperature pyrolysis

Chenyang Wang et al.

Summary: Fast pyrolysis is a promising method for converting cellulose and hemicellulose into anhydrosugars, but the current method is energy intensive and has poor yield and selectivity. This study explored the use of mineral acid pretreatment to achieve oriented pyrolysis of cellulose and xylan at low temperature, resulting in high yields of anhydrosugars.

FUEL (2021)

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Article Chemistry, Analytical

Examination of how variations in lignin properties from Kraft and organosolv extraction influence the physicochemical characteristics of hydrothermal carbon

Kenneth G. Latham et al.

Summary: The study shows that the source and extraction type of lignin have minimal influence on the physicochemical structure and morphology of the final hydrothermal product. Hydrothermal carbonization can "normalize" the differences between lignin samples by changing bonding arrangements, removing specific subunits and creating new linkages.

JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL AND APPLIED PYROLYSIS (2021)

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Review Engineering, Environmental

Conversion of biological solid waste to graphene-containing biochar for water remediation: A critical review

Zheng Fang et al.

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL (2020)

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Article Chemistry, Analytical

Influence of temperature and time on initial pyrolysis of cellulose and xylan

David O. Usino et al.

JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL AND APPLIED PYROLYSIS (2020)

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Article Thermodynamics

Comprehensive mechanism of initial stage for lignin pyrolysis

Jian Li et al.

COMBUSTION AND FLAME (2020)

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Article Forestry

Thermal reactivity of hemicellulose and cellulose in cedar and beech wood cell walls

Jiawei Wang et al.

JOURNAL OF WOOD SCIENCE (2020)

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Article Agricultural Engineering

Upgrading of bio-oil via solar pyrolysis of the biomass pretreated with aqueous phase bio-oil washing, solar drying, and solar torrefaction

Dengyu Chen et al.

BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY (2020)

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Article Energy & Fuels

Comparative Evaluation of Torrefaction and Hydrothermal Carbonization: Effect on Fuel Properties and Combustion Behavior of Agricultural Wastes

Gozde Duman et al.

ENERGY & FUELS (2020)

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Article Chemistry, Applied

Reactivity of cellulose during hydrothermal carbonization of lignocellulosic biomass

Maurizio Volpe et al.

FUEL PROCESSING TECHNOLOGY (2020)

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Review Green & Sustainable Science & Technology

Catalytic pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass: A review of variations in process factors and system structure

Tao Kan et al.

RENEWABLE & SUSTAINABLE ENERGY REVIEWS (2020)

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Review Nanoscience & Nanotechnology

Hydrothermal synthesis and applications of advanced carbonaceous materials from biomass: a review

Yi Wang et al.

ADVANCED COMPOSITES AND HYBRID MATERIALS (2020)

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Review Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Levoglucosan: a promising platform molecule?

Ivaldo Itabaiana et al.

GREEN CHEMISTRY (2020)

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Article Agricultural Engineering

Effects of temperature, time and acidity of hydrothermal carbonization on the hydrochar properties and nitrogen recovery from corn stover

Ying Zhang et al.

BIOMASS & BIOENERGY (2019)

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Article Energy & Fuels

Characterization and pelletization of cotton stalk hydrochar from HTC and combustion kinetics of hydrochar pellets by TGA

Guangkuo Zhu et al.

FUEL (2019)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Comparative Evaluation of Hydrothermal Carbonization and Low Temperature Pyrolysis of Eucommia ulmoides Oliver for the Production of Solid Biofuel

Yajun Wang et al.

SCIENTIFIC REPORTS (2019)

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Article Agricultural Engineering

Effect of hydrothermal carbonization on the properties, devolatilization, and combustion kinetics of Chilean biomass residues

E. Monedero et al.

BIOMASS & BIOENERGY (2019)

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Article Energy & Fuels

Properties of biochar obtained by hydrothermal carbonization and torrefaction of peat

Kristina Krysanova et al.

FUEL (2019)

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Review Green & Sustainable Science & Technology

Biomass torrefaction: properties, applications, challenges, and economy

Yanqing Niu et al.

RENEWABLE & SUSTAINABLE ENERGY REVIEWS (2019)

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Article Chemistry, Analytical

The effect of biomass pretreatment on catalytic pyrolysis products of pine wood by Py-GC/MS and principal component analysis

Xing Xin et al.

JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL AND APPLIED PYROLYSIS (2019)

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Article Chemistry, Analytical

Pyrolysis of sawdust with various Fe-based catalysts: Influence of support characteristics on hydrogen-rich gas production

Shuangxia Yang et al.

JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL AND APPLIED PYROLYSIS (2019)

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Article Environmental Sciences

Improvement of Charcoal Yield and Quality by Two-Step Pyrolysis on Rice Husks

Xu Cheng et al.

WASTE AND BIOMASS VALORIZATION (2018)

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Characteristics of hydrochar and hydrothermal liquid products from hydrothermal carbonization of corncob

Kamonwat Nakason et al.

BIOMASS CONVERSION AND BIOREFINERY (2018)

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Article Energy & Fuels

Valorization of Waste Wood as a Solid Fuel by Torrefaction

Jeeban Poudel et al.

ENERGIES (2018)

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Article Thermodynamics

Investigation of biomass torrefaction based on three major components: Hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin

Dengyu Chen et al.

ENERGY CONVERSION AND MANAGEMENT (2018)

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Review Green & Sustainable Science & Technology

A review of the hydrothermal carbonization of biomass waste for hydrochar formation: Process conditions, fundamentals, and physicochemical properties

Tengfei Wang et al.

RENEWABLE & SUSTAINABLE ENERGY REVIEWS (2018)

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Article Green & Sustainable Science & Technology

A comprehensive review on the pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass

Vaibhav Dhyani et al.

RENEWABLE ENERGY (2018)

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Article Engineering, Environmental

Torrefaction of landfill food waste for possible application in biomass co-firing

G. Pahia et al.

WASTE MANAGEMENT (2018)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

On the Yield of Levoglucosan from Cellulose Pyrolysis

Saurabh Maduskar et al.

ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING (2018)

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Review Green & Sustainable Science & Technology

Future Perspectives of Biomass Torrefaction: Review of the Current State-Of-The-Art and Research Development

Jorge Miguel Carneiro Ribeiro et al.

SUSTAINABILITY (2018)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Synergistic and Antagonistic Interactions during Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Soybean Oil, Soy Protein, Cellulose, Xylose, and Lignin

Jianwen Lu et al.

ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING (2018)

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Article Thermodynamics

Mechanism of cellulose fast pyrolysis: The role of characteristic chain ends and dehydrated units

Qiang Lu et al.

COMBUSTION AND FLAME (2018)

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Article Energy & Fuels

Acetic Acid and Sodium Hydroxide-Aided Hydrothermal Carbonization of Woody Biomass for Enhanced Pelletization and Fuel Properties

Tengfei Wang et al.

ENERGY & FUELS (2017)

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Article Energy & Fuels

Cellulose, xylan and lignin interactions during pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass

Jie Yu et al.

FUEL (2017)

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Review Thermodynamics

Lignocellulosic biomass pyrolysis mechanism: A state-of-the-art review

Shurong Wang et al.

PROGRESS IN ENERGY AND COMBUSTION SCIENCE (2017)

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Review Green & Sustainable Science & Technology

An overview of effect of process parameters on hydrothermal carbonization of biomass

Sabzoi Nizamuddin et al.

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A Multitechnique Characterization of Lignin Softening and Pyrolysis

Binod Shrestha et al.

ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING (2017)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Parametric study of the hydrothermal carbonization of cellulose and effect of acidic conditions

Enrique Garcia-Bordeje et al.

CARBON (2017)

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Article Thermodynamics

Preparation and characterization of hydrochar from waste eucalyptus bark by hydrothermal carbonization

Pin Gao et al.

ENERGY (2016)

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Article Energy & Fuels

Pyrolysis kinetics of soybean straw using thermogravimetric analysis

Xin Huang et al.

FUEL (2016)

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Article Energy & Fuels

Pyrolysis of hornbeam shell (Carpinus betulus L.) in a fixed bed reactor: Characterization of bio-oil and bio-char

Ugur Morali et al.

FUEL (2015)

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Article Agricultural Engineering

Investigating the potential for a self-sustaining slow pyrolysis system under varying operating conditions

Kyle Crombie et al.

BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY (2014)

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Article Energy & Fuels

Integrated biomass torrefaction - Chemical looping combustion as a method to recover torrefaction volatiles energy

A. Sarvaramini et al.

FUEL (2014)

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Article Chemistry, Analytical

The mechanism for the formation of levoglucosenone during pyrolysis of β-D-glucopyranose and cellobiose: A density functional theory study

Qiang Lu et al.

JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL AND APPLIED PYROLYSIS (2014)

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Article Chemistry, Analytical

Effect of temperature during wood torrefaction on the formation of lignin liquid intermediates

Manuel Raul Pelaez-Samaniego et al.

JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL AND APPLIED PYROLYSIS (2014)

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Review Green & Sustainable Science & Technology

A review on pyrolysis of biomass constituents: Mechanisms and composition of the products obtained from the conversion of cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin

Francois-Xavier Collard et al.

RENEWABLE & SUSTAINABLE ENERGY REVIEWS (2014)

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Review Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Effects of pyrolysis parameters on hydrogen formations from biomass: a review

Md. Nasir Uddin et al.

RSC ADVANCES (2014)

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Proceedings Paper Engineering, Chemical

Torrefaction in the Presence of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide: The Effect on Yield of Oil Palm Kernel Shell

Shazleen Saadon et al.

INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE AND WORKSHOP ON CHEMICAL ENGINEERING UNPAR 2013 (ICCE UNPAR 2013) (2014)

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Lignin Pyrolysis Components and Upgrading-Technology Review

Wei Mu et al.

BIOENERGY RESEARCH (2013)

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Hydrothermal carbonization: Fate of inorganics

M. Toufiq Reza et al.

BIOMASS & BIOENERGY (2013)

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Article Engineering, Chemical

Products and Kinetics of Glucomannan Pyrolysis

C. Branca et al.

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Article Agricultural Engineering

Isolation and characterization of herbaceous lignins for applications in biomaterials

Fanny Monteil-Rivera et al.

INDUSTRIAL CROPS AND PRODUCTS (2013)

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Article Chemistry, Analytical

Microwave and slow pyrolysis biochar-Comparison of physical and functional properties

Ondrej Masek et al.

JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL AND APPLIED PYROLYSIS (2013)

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Article Chemistry, Analytical

Effect of cellulose crystallinity on the formation of a liquid intermediate and on product distribution during pyrolysis

Zhouhong Wang et al.

JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL AND APPLIED PYROLYSIS (2013)

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Bio-coal, torrefied lignocellulosic resources - Key properties for its use in co-firing with fossil coal - Their status

D. Agar et al.

BIOMASS & BIOENERGY (2012)

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Article Agricultural Engineering

Mechanism research on cellulose pyrolysis by Py-GC/MS and subsequent density functional theory studies

Shurong Wang et al.

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Effect of essential inorganic metals on primary thermal degradation of lignocellulosic biomass

In-Yong Eom et al.

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Characterization of Water-Soluble Intermediates from Slow Pyrolysis of Cellulose at Low Temperatures

Yun Yu et al.

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Article Energy & Fuels

NMR analysis of the transformation of wood constituents by torrefaction

T. Melkior et al.

FUEL (2012)

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Effects of torrefaction process parameters on biomass feedstock upgrading

D. Medic et al.

FUEL (2012)

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Characterization of Hydrochars Produced by Hydrothermal Carbonization of Lignin, Cellulose, D-Xylose, and Wood Meal

Shimin Kang et al.

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Review Chemistry, Analytical

Cellulose pyrolysis kinetics: An historical review on the existence and role of intermediate active cellulose

Jacques Lede

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Article Chemistry, Analytical

Analytical pyrolysis studies of corn stalk and its three main components by TG-MS and Py-GC/MS

Gaojin Lv et al.

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Article Environmental Sciences

Characterization of Slow Pyrolysis Biochars: Effects of Feedstocks and Pyrolysis Temperature on Biochar Properties

Stefanie Kloss et al.

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Article Green & Sustainable Science & Technology

Fast pyrolysis characteristics of lignocellulosic biomass with varying reaction conditions

Hang Seok Choi et al.

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Article Mathematics, Applied

A new system of generalized quasi-variational-like inclusions with noncompact valued mappings

Han-Wen Cao

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Review Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Catalytic conversion of biomass-derived carbohydrates into fuels and chemicals via furanic aldehydes

Lei Hu et al.

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Influence of sulfur on the carbon deposition in steam reforming of liquid hydrocarbons over CeO2-Al2O3 supported Ni and Rh catalysts

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Article Energy & Fuels

An evaluation on improvement of pulverized biomass property for solid fuel through torrefaction

Wei-Hsin Chen et al.

APPLIED ENERGY (2011)

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Review Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

A review of torrefaction for bioenergy feedstock production

Daniel Ciolkosz et al.

BIOFUELS BIOPRODUCTS & BIOREFINING-BIOFPR (2011)

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Review Agricultural Engineering

Biomass upgrading by torrefaction for the production of biofuels: A review

M. J. C. van der Stelt et al.

BIOMASS & BIOENERGY (2011)

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Article Agricultural Engineering

Thermal degradation studies and kinetic modeling of cardoon (Cynara cardunculus) pyrolysis using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA)

Th Damartzis et al.

BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY (2011)

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Article Agricultural Engineering

Impact of torrefaction on the grindability and fuel characteristics of forest biomass

Manunya Phanphanich et al.

BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY (2011)

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Article Agricultural Engineering

Enhancing the combustible properties of bamboo by torrefaction

Patrick Rousset et al.

BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY (2011)

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Article Agricultural Engineering

Distinguishing primary and secondary reactions of cellulose pyrolysis

Pushkaraj R. Patwardhan et al.

BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY (2011)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Influence of torrefaction pretreatment on biomass gasification technology

Chen Qing et al.

CHINESE SCIENCE BULLETIN (2011)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Hydrogen synthesis from biomass pyrolysis with in situ carbon dioxide capture using calcium oxide

Meilina Widyawati et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HYDROGEN ENERGY (2011)

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Article Chemistry, Analytical

Utilization of thermodesorption coupled to GC-MS to study stability of different wood species to thermodegradation

Kevin Candelier et al.

JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL AND APPLIED PYROLYSIS (2011)

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Review Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

Hydrothermal carbonization of biomass: A summary and discussion of chemical mechanisms for process engineering

Axel Funke et al.

BIOFUELS BIOPRODUCTS & BIOREFINING-BIOFPR (2010)

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Article Agricultural Engineering

The pyrolytic degradation of wood-derived lignin from pulping process

D. K. Shen et al.

BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY (2010)

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Article Energy & Fuels

An investigation of the grindability of two torrefied energy crops

T. G. Bridgeman et al.

FUEL (2010)

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Article Chemistry, Analytical

The structural and thermal characteristics of wheat straw hemicellulose

Yunyun Peng et al.

JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL AND APPLIED PYROLYSIS (2010)

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Article Chemistry, Analytical

Study on the pyrolytic behaviour of xylan-based hemicellulose using TG-FTIR and Py-GC-FTIR

D. K. Shen et al.

JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL AND APPLIED PYROLYSIS (2010)

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Article Green & Sustainable Science & Technology

Fundamentals, kinetics and endothermicity of the biomass pyrolysis reaction

Manon Van de Velden et al.

RENEWABLE ENERGY (2010)

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Article Agricultural Engineering

The mechanism for thermal decomposition of cellulose and its main products

D. K. Shen et al.

BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY (2009)

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Article Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

Comparison of the pyrolysis behavior of lignins from different tree species

Shurong Wang et al.

BIOTECHNOLOGY ADVANCES (2009)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

The production of carbon materials by hydrothermal carbonization of cellulose

M. Sevilla et al.

CARBON (2009)

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Article Chemistry, Analytical

Pyrolytic characteristics of pine wood in a slowly heating and gas sweeping fixed-bed reactor

Zhenya Wang et al.

JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL AND APPLIED PYROLYSIS (2009)

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Article Energy & Fuels

Torrefaction of reed canary grass, wheat straw and willow to enhance solid fuel qualities and combustion properties

T. G. Bridgeman et al.

FUEL (2008)

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