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Insights into human kidney function from the study of Drosophila

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Article Urology & Nephrology

The transcription factor ATF4 mediates endoplasmic reticulum stress-related podocyte injury and slit diaphragm defects

Vanessa Krausel et al.

Summary: Mutations in OSGEP and four other genes that encode subunits of the KEOPS complex cause Galloway-Mowat syndrome, a severe, inherited kidney-neurological disease. Here, the researchers investigated the molecular pathogenic mechanisms of KEOPS-related glomerular disease and found that ATF4-mediated signaling is a molecular link among ER stress, slit diaphragm defects, and podocyte injury. Modulation of ATF4 signaling may be a potential therapeutic target for certain podocyte diseases.

KIDNEY INTERNATIONAL (2023)

Article Urology & Nephrology

Identification of Novel Genetic Risk Factors for Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis in Children: Results From the Chronic Kidney Disease in Children (CKiD) Cohort

Axelle Durand et al.

Summary: This study investigated the genetic risk factors for primary FSGS in African American children and identified genes associated with adult FSGS, kidney function, and chronic kidney disease. The study also revealed the importance of immune responses and antigen presentation in pediatric FSGS.

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF KIDNEY DISEASES (2023)

Article Urology & Nephrology

Scaffold polarity proteins Par3A and Par3B share redundant functions while Par3B acts independent of atypical protein kinase C/Par6 in podocytes to maintain the kidney filtration barrier

Sybille Koehler et al.

Summary: Podocyte injury is a major cause of glomerular diseases. The Par3 polarity complex is linked to actin regulators that maintain podocyte architecture. Par3A and Par3B have distinct functions in regulating cytoskeleton and synaptopodin localization.

KIDNEY INTERNATIONAL (2022)

Article Urology & Nephrology

Inhibition of endoplasmic reticulum stress signaling rescues cytotoxicity of human apolipoprotein-L1 risk variants in Drosophila

Lea Gerstner et al.

Summary: Risk variants of the APOL1 gene are associated with severe kidney disease. By using the Drosophila model, researchers have found that the expression of APOL1 risk variants leads to cell death and endoplasmic reticulum stress response, shedding light on the pathogenesis of APOL1-associated nephropathies.

KIDNEY INTERNATIONAL (2022)

Article Urology & Nephrology

CUBN gene mutations may cause focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) in children

Jing Yang et al.

Summary: This study identified three cases of isolated proteinuria and FSGS caused by CUBN gene mutations, expanding the spectrum of renal manifestation and genotype of CUBN gene mutations.

BMC NEPHROLOGY (2022)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

PI(4,5)P2 controls slit diaphragm formation and endocytosis in Drosophila nephrocytes

Maximilian M. Gass et al.

Summary: Drosophila nephrocytes, similar to mammalian podocytes, exhibit characteristics of epithelial cells. Research has shown that phospholipid PI(4,5)P2 plays a crucial role in slit diaphragm formation, while PI(3,4,5)P3 has minimal impact on nephrocyte function.

CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR LIFE SCIENCES (2022)

Article Cell Biology

High-resolution 3D spatiotemporal transcriptomic maps of developing Drosophila embryos and larvae

Mingyue Wang et al.

Summary: This study utilized Stereo-seq technology to analyze the spatiotemporal transcriptome of developing Drosophila with high resolution and sensitivity. The results revealed the spatial transcriptomic characteristics of Drosophila embryos and larvae, and provided key information for the analysis of transcription factor regulons.

DEVELOPMENTAL CELL (2022)

Editorial Material Cell Biology

The power of Drosophila in modeling human disease mechanisms

Esther M. Verheyen

Summary: This article introduces the launch of the Drosophila as a Disease Model subject collection and highlights the importance of Drosophila research in human disease modeling and translational medicine.

DISEASE MODELS & MECHANISMS (2022)

Article Pediatrics

Exploring the relevance of NUP93 variants in steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome using next generation sequencing and a fly kidney model

Agnieszka Bierzynska et al.

Summary: Variants in NUP93 gene have been identified as a cause of paediatric SRNS. In this study, NUP93 variants were detected in paediatric onset SRNS patients and the functional effects of Nup93 depletion were demonstrated in a fly nephrocyte model.

PEDIATRIC NEPHROLOGY (2022)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Fly Cell Atlas: A single-nucleus transcriptomic atlas of the adult fruit fly

Hongjie Li et al.

Summary: This study presents a single-cell atlas of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, including 580,000 nuclei and annotations of over 250 distinct cell types. It serves as a valuable resource for the Drosophila community and provides a reference for studying genetic perturbations and disease models at single-cell resolution.

SCIENCE (2022)

Article Cell Biology

Rap1 Activity Is Essential for Focal Adhesion and Slit Diaphragm Integrity

Mee-Ling Maywald et al.

Summary: The study reveals that Rap1 plays a crucial role in maintaining the filtration function of glomerular podocytes and the integrity of slit diaphragms, and it regulates these processes by mediating the signal transduction between nephrin and integrin beta.

FRONTIERS IN CELL AND DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY (2022)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Transcriptional and functional motifs defining renal function revealed by single-nucleus RNA sequencing

Jun Xu et al.

Summary: The single-nucleus study of the Drosophila renal system identified various cell types and their roles in kidney function and regeneration, providing insights for the generation of disease models.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (2022)

Article Biology

Selective endocytosis controls slit diaphragm maintenance and dynamics in Drosophila nephrocytes

Konrad Lang et al.

Summary: This study investigates the dynamics of the slit diaphragm multiprotein complex in podocyte-like nephrocytes of Drosophila. It reveals the regulatory role of endocytosis in the slit diaphragm and the maintenance of its filtration barrier function. Understanding the mechanisms of slit diaphragm maintenance is crucial for the development of novel therapies for proteinuric renal diseases.
Article Cell Biology

mTOR-Dependent Autophagy Regulates Slit Diaphragm Density in Podocyte-like Drosophila Nephrocytes

Dominik Spitz et al.

Summary: Both mTOR signaling and autophagy play important roles in regulating podocyte homeostasis, regeneration, and aging, as well as in glomerular diseases. This study used Drosophila nephrocytes as a podocyte model and found that inhibition of mTOR signaling led to increased spacing between slit diaphragms. Activation or inhibition of mTOR signaling both resulted in decreased nephrocyte function, indicating a delicate balance of signaling activity is required for proper function. Furthermore, mTOR positively regulated cell size, survival, and the subcortical actin network, while basal autophagy in nephrocytes was necessary for survival and limited the expression of nephrin, but did not directly affect slit diaphragm formation or endocytic activity. Excessive, mTOR-dependent autophagy was primarily responsible for slit diaphragm misspacing. Overall, this study established an invertebrate podocyte model for exploring the role of mTOR signaling and autophagy, and revealed a direct regulation of slit diaphragm architecture by the mTOR/autophagy pathway.
Article Biology

A protective role for Drosophila Filamin in nephrocytes via Yorkie mediated hypertrophy

Sybille Koehler et al.

Summary: Using the Drosophila model, researchers found that the mechanosensor Cheerio plays a key role in protecting nephrocytes. Activation of Cheerio rescued filtration function and induced compensatory and hypertrophic growth in nephrocytes. Repression of the Hippo pathway induced nephrocyte hypertrophy, while Hippo activation reversed the Cheerio-mediated hypertrophy. This study provides new insights into the cellular protective mechanisms in kidney diseases.

LIFE SCIENCE ALLIANCE (2022)

Article Entomology

Insect nephrocyte function is regulated by a store operated calcium entry mechanism controlling endocytosis and Amnionless turnover

Shruthi Sivakumar et al.

Summary: Insect nephrocytes are ultrafiltration cells that remove proteins and toxins from the haemolymph. Studying their calcium signaling can provide insights into human renal function.

JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY (2022)

Article Urology & Nephrology

Nephrotic Syndrome Gene TBC1D8B Is Required for Endosomal Maturation and Nephrin Endocytosis in Drosophila

Julian Milosavljevic et al.

Summary: Background variants in TBC1D8B cause nephrotic syndrome by affecting nephrin trafficking and podocyte function. The study found that a null allele of the fruit fly TBC1D8B gene resulted in mislocalization of nephrin in nephrocytes, similar to patients with isolated nephrotic syndrome. TBC1D8B was shown to be essential for rapid turnover and endocytosis of nephrin, as well as for endosomal cargo processing and degradation. Additionally, four novel TBC1D8B variants were discovered in a cohort of FSGS patients, highlighting the importance of TBC1D8B in FSGS.

JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF NEPHROLOGY (2022)

Article Cell Biology

Early patterning followed by tissue growth establishes distal identity in Drosophila Malpighian tubules

Robin Beaven et al.

Summary: The specification and elaboration of proximo-distal (P-D) axes for structures or tissues within a body occurs after the main axes of the body. The mechanism that patterns P-D axes is mostly understood based on a few examples, such as vertebrate and invertebrate limbs. This study focuses on Drosophila Malpighian/renal tubules and reveals a distinct mechanism for establishing the distal tubule, which is different from the mechanism that patterns the proximal MpT. The distal domain is patterned through distal identity specification and subsequent expansion by proliferation. This finding provides insights into the patterning mechanisms of secondary axes and epithelial tubules.

FRONTIERS IN CELL AND DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY (2022)

Article Urology & Nephrology

Modeling of ACTN4-Based Podocytopathy Using Drosophila Nephrocytes

Johanna Odenthal et al.

Summary: This study reports a case of a 4-year-old boy with proteinuria and biopsy-proven focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS). Molecular genetic testing identified a novel mutation in alpha-actinin-4 that is associated with the disease. The study showed that the mutation led to decreased stability of alpha-actinin-4, protein mislocalization, and cytoskeleton rearrangements. Using a Drosophila model, the researchers demonstrated the pathogenicity of the mutation.

KIDNEY INTERNATIONAL REPORTS (2022)

Article Developmental Biology

Endocytosis mediated by an atypical CUBAM complex modulates slit diaphragm dynamics in nephrocytes

Alexandra Atienza-Manuel et al.

Summary: The complex composed of Amnionless, Cubilin, and Cubilin2 is crucial for nephrocyte slit diaphragm (SD) dynamics in Drosophila. Loss of CUBAM-mediated endocytosis leads to dramatic morphological changes in nephrocytes and mislocalisation of SD, likely due to an imbalance between endocytosis and exocytosis. While rescuing receptor-mediated endocytosis can partially restore SD positioning in CUBAM mutants, suggesting a specific requirement of CUBAM in SD degradation and recycling.

DEVELOPMENT (2021)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Drosophila Rab39 Attenuates Lysosomal Degradation

Zsolt Lakatos et al.

Summary: The study identified Drosophila Rab39 as a negative regulator of lysosomal clearance during both endocytosis and autophagy, providing valuable insights into potential cell biological mechanisms mediated by these proteins.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES (2021)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Apical-basal polarity regulators are essential for slit diaphragm assembly and endocytosis in Drosophila nephrocytes

Stefanie Heiden et al.

Summary: The study revealed that in Drosophila nephrocytes, the apical-basal polarity regulators play a crucial role in regulating the morphology and assembly/maintenance of slit diaphragms, with distinct functions in endocytosis.

CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR LIFE SCIENCES (2021)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Aldehyde-driven transcriptional stress triggers an anorexic DNA damage response

Lee Mulderrig et al.

Summary: Endogenous formaldehyde-induced transcriptional stress leads to kidney and brain damage resembling Cockayne syndrome, while blocking the anorexigenic peptide GDF15 alleviates symptoms in mice deficient in formaldehyde clearance and CSB. This response might serve an evolutionary purpose of aversion to genotoxins in food.

NATURE (2021)

Article Urology & Nephrology

The Basolateral Polarity Module Promotes Slit Diaphragm Formation in Drosophila Nephrocytes, a Model of Vertebrate Podocytes

Michael Mysh et al.

Summary: This study identified four novel regulators of nephrocyte SDs: Dig, Lgl, Scrib, and Par-1, which constitute the basolateral polarity module and its effector kinase. The data suggest that these proteins work with apical polarity proteins to regulate SDs by promoting normal endocytosis and trafficking of SD proteins. The findings significantly advance our understanding of SD regulation by connecting basolateral polarity proteins to these processes, considering the importance of apical polarity proteins and SD protein trafficking in podocytopathies.

JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF NEPHROLOGY (2021)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Slit diaphragm maintenance requires dynamic clathrin-mediated endocytosis facilitated by AP-2, Lap, Aux and Hsc70-4 in nephrocytes

Luyao Wang et al.

Summary: By using Drosophila nephrocytes as a genetic screen platform, this study identified key components of the SD protein endocytosis and recycling pathway, highlighting their importance in maintaining the filtration structure. The findings demonstrate that the components in this pathway are highly conserved and play a role in the endocytosis and recycling of SD proteins in human kidney, suggesting mutations in these genes could lead to renal diseases.

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Adipose triglyceride lipase protects renal cell endocytosis in a Drosophila dietary model of chronic kidney disease

Aleksandra Lubojemska et al.

Summary: This study demonstrates that high-fat diet-induced renal lipid droplet accumulation can impair key functions of renal cells. The findings suggest that fatty acid flux through the lipid droplet triglyceride compartment can protect renal cells from harmful effects of excess lipid accumulation. Boosting expression of the lipid droplet resident enzyme adipose triglyceride lipase is sufficient to rescue defects in renal endocytosis, with a requirement for the mitochondrial regulator PGC1 alpha.

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dCubilin- or dAMN-mediated protein reabsorption in Drosophila nephrocytes modulates longevity

Xiaoming Feng et al.

Summary: Renal cells regulate proteostasis in muscle and brain tissues by mediating protein reabsorption, impacting lifespan and healthspan.

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Pro-cachectic factors link experimental and human chronic kidney disease to skeletal muscle wasting programs

Francesca Solagna et al.

Summary: This study investigated the mechanism of skeletal muscle wasting in CKD and found that the soluble pro-cachectic factor activin A is expressed in specific kidney cell populations, proposing a vicious signaling cycle between kidney and muscle. Blocking activin A signaling pharmacologically prevented muscle wasting in experimental CKD mouse models.

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Proteome Analysis of Isolated Podocytes Reveals Stress Responses in Glomerular Sclerosis

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Mutations in NUP160 Are Implicated in Steroid-Resistant Nephrotic Syndrome

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Podocyte GSK3 is an evolutionarily conserved critical regulator of kidney function

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Nephrin Signaling Results in Integrin β1 Activation

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A specific isoform of Pyd/ZO-1 mediates junctional remodeling and formation of slit diaphragms

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Florian Hochapfel et al.

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Yulong Fu et al.

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