4.5 Review

Pathological role of inflammation in ocular disease progress and its targeting by mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and their exosome; current status and prospect

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Overexpression of vascular endothelial growth factor enhances the neuroprotective effects of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell transplantation in ischemic stroke

Cui Liu et al.

Summary: This study found that bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) engineered to overexpress vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) have therapeutic potential in a rat model of ischemic stroke. These cells improved behavioral defects and reduced infarct volume by inhibiting blood-brain barrier destruction and promoting blood vessel regeneration.

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Pathogenesis and treatment of Sjogren's syndrome: Review and update

Qipeng Zhan et al.

Summary: Sjogren's syndrome (SS) is a chronic autoimmune disease with dryness of the mouth and eyes as the main manifestations and systemic complications. IFNs, Th17 cell-related cytokines, and B cell-related cytokines are crucial for the pathogenesis of SS. Experimental treatments strategies include targeting Treg/Th17, mesenchymal stem cell treatment, targeting BAFF, inhibiting JAK pathway, etc.

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Article Immunology

Prednisone acetate modulates Th1/Th2 and Th17/Treg cell homeostasis in experimental autoimmune uveitis via orchestrating the Notch signaling pathway

Mengxian Zhou et al.

Summary: In this study, the regulatory effects of prednisone acetate (PA) on the Th1/Th2 and Th17/Treg balance in experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU) through modulating the Notch signaling pathway were investigated. The results showed that activation of the Notch signaling pathway resulted in a severe imbalance of the Th17/Treg and Th1/Th2 ratios, while PA treatment significantly alleviated ocular inflammation, inhibited activation of the Notch signaling pathway, and restored the Th1/Th2 and Th17/Treg balance.

INTERNATIONAL IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY (2023)

Article Chemistry, Physical

Biological nano agent produced by hypoxic preconditioning stem cell for stroke treatment

Xin-Chi Jiang et al.

Summary: Hypoxic preconditioning of neural stem cells (NSCs) can produce hypoxic exosomes, which can effectively treat ischemic stroke. These exosomes can target the injured brain and regulate the microenvironment to inhibit neuroinflammation and promote blood-brain barrier permeability recovery. Furthermore, they can also activate autologous NSCs and facilitate nerve regeneration. Hypoxic exosomes have therapeutic effects on both survival and behavioral outcomes in ischemic stroke mice.

NANO RESEARCH (2023)

Article Cell & Tissue Engineering

Superior protective effects of PGE2 priming mesenchymal stem cells against LPS-induced acute lung injury (ALI) through macrophage immunomodulation

Kamal Hezam et al.

Summary: This study used PGE2 to prime MSCs and investigated their therapeutic potential in ALI models. The results showed that PGE2-MSCs effectively ameliorated lung injury and reduced total cell numbers, neutrophils, macrophages, and protein levels in BALF. Furthermore, PGE2 priming improved the therapeutic efficacy of MSCs through M2 macrophage polarization and cytokine production regulation.

STEM CELL RESEARCH & THERAPY (2023)

Article Medicine, General & Internal

Long-Term Safety and Efficacy of Pars Plana Vitrectomy for Uveitis: Experience of a Tertiary Referral Centre in the United Kingdom

Muhannd El Faouri et al.

Summary: This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) without macular intervention on uveitis eyes with persistent vitreous inflammation/opacities in terms of visual acuity, intraocular inflammation, and macular profile. The results showed that 77.8% of patients had an improvement in visual acuity, 62.5% had no intraocular inflammation, and 87.5% had resolution of macular edema. PPV without macular intervention is safe and effective for uveitis eyes with persistent vitreous inflammation/opacities.

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MEDICINE (2023)

Review Medicine, General & Internal

Bruch's Membrane: A Key Consideration with Complement-Based Therapies for Age-Related Macular Degeneration

Sarah Hammadi et al.

Summary: The complement system is essential for the body's defense against pathogens, but dysregulation can lead to diseases such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Complement activation occurs in various parts of the eye, including the choriocapillaris and the subretinal and retinal pigment epithelium spaces. The barrier of Bruch's membrane impedes complement protein diffusion and its dysfunction contributes to AMD pathogenesis. This review examines the structure of Bruch's membrane, its age-related changes, and the potential of different delivery routes for complement inhibitors in treating AMD.

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MEDICINE (2023)

Article Cell Biology

Early Alterations of RNA Binding Protein (RBP) Homeostasis and ER Stress-Mediated Autophagy Contributes to Progressive Retinal Degeneration in the rd10 Mouse Model of Retinitis Pigmentosa (RP)

Alfred Yamoah et al.

Summary: The rd10 mouse model of retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is valuable for studying the pathogenic mechanisms of RP. Our study shows that early disturbances of proteostasis and autophagy, as well as abnormal cytoplasmic RBP aggregation, are associated with progressive neurodegeneration in the rd10 mouse retina.
Review Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes in Ophthalmology: A Comprehensive Review

Kevin Y. Wu et al.

Summary: In the past decade, the field of MSC therapy has grown rapidly, but the applicability of MSC-based therapy is limited. MSC-derived EVs have similar properties to MSCs and can overcome the limitations of MSC-based therapy. MSC-derived EVs can efficiently deliver therapeutic factors to challenging ocular tissues, minimizing risks associated with stem cell transplantation. This literature review focuses on the characteristics and functions of MSC-derived EVs in treating ocular diseases, highlighting the potential use of EVs in clinical settings.

PHARMACEUTICS (2023)

Article Cell & Tissue Engineering

Impact of storage conditions and duration on function of native and cargo-loaded mesenchymal stromal cell extracellular vesicles

Daniel Levy et al.

Summary: The study assessed the effects of storage conditions on the functional bioactivity and cargo of extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs). The results showed that MSC EVs retained their bioactivity and loaded RNA functionality for up to 4-6 weeks at -20°C, -80°C, and after lyophilization. These findings provide valuable insights for handling and storing MSC EVs in both basic research and clinical translation.

CYTOTHERAPY (2023)

Review Ophthalmology

Ocular graft-versus-host disease (oGVHD): From AtoZ

Mohammad Soleimani et al.

Summary: Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is an effective therapy for various disorders, but it can lead to acute and chronic graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). Ocular involvement is a common manifestation of chronic GVHD and requires early recognition for better management and prevention. Current therapeutic strategies mainly focus on symptom control, and there is a need to translate preclinical and molecular research into clinical practice.

SURVEY OF OPHTHALMOLOGY (2023)

Review Medicine, Research & Experimental

Therapeutic potential of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs)-based cell therapy for inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) therapy

Mohamed J. Saadh et al.

Summary: Introduces the emerging therapeutic modality of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) therapy for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). MSCs alleviate dysregulated inflammatory responses through the secretion of anti-inflammatory mediators and their effects on gut immuno-microbiota regulation and the proliferation and differentiation of intestinal cells. Clinical trials are being conducted to evaluate the safety and efficacy of MSCs administration in IBD patients.

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL RESEARCH (2023)

Article Ophthalmology

Dysregulation of the NLRP3 Inflammasome in Diabetic Retinopathy and Potential Therapeutic Targets

Karanvir S. Raman et al.

Summary: Diabetic retinopathy is a neurovascular disorder caused by chronic glycemic dysregulation in elderly diabetic patients. It leads to irreversible visual impairment in working age adults due to fluid infiltration in the macula. Current treatments focus on slowing down the disease progression but are not sustainable from an economic and quality of life perspective. Chronic low-grade inflammation in the diabetic eye seems to contribute to the development of diabetic retinopathy. The NLRP3 inflammasome, found in retinal cells, plays a role in the pathogenesis of the disease by upregulating the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines.

OCULAR IMMUNOLOGY AND INFLAMMATION (2022)

Article Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Potential anti-inflammatory effect of anti-HMGB1 in animal models of ICH by downregulating the TLR4 signaling pathway and regulating the inflammatory cytokines along with increasing HO1 and NRF2

Ji Xu et al.

Summary: The study found that anti-HMGB1 treatment had better anti-inflammatory effects on intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), which could reduce TLR4-related signaling pathways, suppress the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and increase the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines.

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY (2022)

Article Cell & Tissue Engineering

Mesenchymal stem cells moderate experimental autoimmune uveitis by dynamic regulating Th17 and Breg cells response

Yajun Mu et al.

Summary: It has been shown that MSCs treatment can significantly reduce the production of Th1 and Th17 cytokines during EAU, while increasing the production of Bregs cytokines, resulting in the inhibition of inflammation.

JOURNAL OF TISSUE ENGINEERING AND REGENERATIVE MEDICINE (2022)

Article Peripheral Vascular Disease

Down-expression of the NLRP3 inflammasome delays the progression of diabetic retinopathy

Keke Ge et al.

Summary: The study found that Mcc950 has significant therapeutic effects on diabetic retinopathy in mice, partially reversing hyperglycemia-induced vascular damage and reducing histological changes. Additionally, Mcc950 significantly reduces IL-1 beta production in the retinas of diabetic mice and reduces vascular leakage.

MICROVASCULAR RESEARCH (2022)

Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Exosomes as a new frontier of cancer liquid biopsy

Dan Yu et al.

Summary: Liquid biopsy, a revolutionary strategy for cancer diagnosis and prognosis prediction, uses minimally invasive detection through biofluids such as blood, saliva, and urine. Exosomes, a subset of extracellular vesicles, play a crucial role in intercellular communication and are considered as potential biomarkers in liquid biopsy. However, the lack of high-quality separation and component analysis methods has limited the further clinical application of exosomes.

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Reticular pseudodrusen: A critical phenotype in age-related macular degeneration

Zhichao Wu et al.

Summary: Reticular pseudodrusen are distinct lesions in the subretinal space that have been increasingly recognized in association with age-related macular degeneration. Understanding their pathogenesis is crucial for understanding the processes driving vision loss in AMD.

PROGRESS IN RETINAL AND EYE RESEARCH (2022)

Article Ophthalmology

Intravenous infusion of small umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells could enhance safety and delay retinal degeneration in RCS rats

Qingling Liang et al.

Summary: The intravenous infusion of small umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (S-UCMSCs) is found to be safer and more effective for the treatment of retinitis pigmentosa (RP) compared to traditional UCMSCs. It can delay retinal degeneration and protect visual function.

BMC OPHTHALMOLOGY (2022)

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Infectious Uveitis in Horses and New Insights in Its Leptospiral Biofilm-Related Pathogenesis

Bettina Wollanke et al.

Summary: Uveitis is a serious eye disease in equids caused by chronic intraocular leptospiral infection. Accurate differentiation of uveitis types is crucial for determining the appropriate treatment.

MICROORGANISMS (2022)

Article Ophthalmology

Progression from intermediate to neovascular age-related macular degeneration according to drusen subtypes: Bundang AMD cohort study report 3

Kyoung Lae Kim et al.

Summary: The study found that preexisting nAMD in the fellow eye and RPD were ophthalmic risk factors related to the progression of nAMD from intermediate AMD. Additionally, pachydrusen showed a similar incidence of neovascular change with soft drusen, and was associated with the progression to PCV but not to typical nAMD.

ACTA OPHTHALMOLOGICA (2022)

Review Cell Biology

A comprehensive review about immune responses and exhaustion during coronavirus disease (COVID-19)

Rebar N. Mohammed et al.

Summary: COVID-19 is a viral infectious disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, leading to severe respiratory infections and high transmission rates. The interaction between SARS-CoV-2 and the immune system plays a crucial role in the clinical symptoms of COVID-19, and immune exhaustion is a potential phenomenon.

CELL COMMUNICATION AND SIGNALING (2022)

Article Immunology

Application of extracellular vesicles derived from mesenchymal stem cells as potential therapeutic tools in autoimmune and rheumatic diseases

Huldani Huldani et al.

Summary: Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have great potential as therapeutic candidates, but their clinical application is limited due to their tumorigenic properties. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), as paracrine factors of MSCs, have gained attention as potential cell-free replacement therapy due to their low immunogenicity and tumorigenicity, as well as easy management.

INTERNATIONAL IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY (2022)

Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Therapeutic Potential of Exosomes Derived from Adipose Tissue-Sourced Mesenchymal Stem Cells in the Treatment of Neural and Retinal Diseases

Carl Randall Harrell et al.

Summary: AT-MSC-Exos are potential therapeutic agents for neural and retinal diseases by delivering neurotrophins, immunoregulatory factors, and pro-angiogenic miRNAs to alleviate inflammation and promote cell survival.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES (2022)

Article Ophthalmology

Exosomes Derived from Mouse Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Alleviate Benzalkonium Chloride-Induced Mouse Dry Eye Model via Inhibiting NLRP3 Inflammasome

Guifang Wang et al.

Summary: The study found that mouse adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes (mADSC-Exos) have a great efficacy in the treatment of dry eye syndrome. mADSC-Exos can repair corneal surface damage, inhibit cell apoptosis, reduce levels of inflammatory cytokines, and reverse inflammasome activation. Therefore, mADSC-Exos hold promise as an effective treatment for dry eye syndrome.

OPHTHALMIC RESEARCH (2022)

Review Cell & Tissue Engineering

Shining the light on clinical application of mesenchymal stem cell therapy in autoimmune diseases

Saade Abdalkareem Jasim et al.

Summary: Autoimmune diseases are caused by the immune system's reaction to self-antigens, leading to tissue injury and dysfunction. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have the ability to differentiate into various cell types and play a crucial role in immune modulation and regenerative therapy. Recent research suggests the potential of MSCs in the clinical treatment of autoimmune disorders.

STEM CELL RESEARCH & THERAPY (2022)

Article Cell & Tissue Engineering

Human primitive mesenchymal stem cell-derived retinal progenitor cells improved neuroprotection, neurogenesis, and vision in rd12 mouse model of retinitis pigmentosa

Christina Brown et al.

Summary: Our study demonstrates that transplantation of RPCs can improve vision, retinal thickness, and function in rd12 mouse model of RP by counteracting inflammation, providing protection, and promoting neurogenesis.

STEM CELL RESEARCH & THERAPY (2022)

Article Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Sulforaphane Modulates the Inflammation and Delays Neurodegeneration on a Retinitis Pigmentosa Mice Model

Antolin Canto et al.

Summary: Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is a type of hereditary retinal disease, and inflammation is an important factor. This study found that sulforaphane (SFN) has anti-inflammatory properties and regulates retinal degeneration and inflammation in an RP mouse model. SFN may have neuroprotective effects in clinical settings.

FRONTIERS IN PHARMACOLOGY (2022)

Review Genetics & Heredity

Therapeutic Potential of Microvesicles in Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine of Ocular Diseases With an Especial Focus on Mesenchymal Stem Cells-Derived Microvesicles

Lina Moallemi Rad et al.

Summary: Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and MSC-derived exosomes (MSC-DEs) have therapeutic potential in ocular diseases by promoting eye injury repair and immune modulation.

FRONTIERS IN GENETICS (2022)

Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Immunomodulation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Acute Lung Injury: From Preclinical Animal Models to Treatment of Severe COVID-19

Ju-Pi Li et al.

Summary: The COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 has posed a significant global public health challenge. Despite mass vaccination, the emergence of novel viral variants has increased the risks of reinfections and vaccine breakthrough infections. Cytokine storm leading to acute respiratory distress syndrome is the major cause of mortality in COVID-19 patients. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have immunomodulatory, tissue repair, and antiviral properties, making them a potential treatment for COVID-19.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES (2022)

Article Immunology

Mesenchymal stem cell transplantation alleviates Sjogren's syndrome symptoms by modulating Tim-3 expression

Tian Sun et al.

Summary: This study investigates the role of the inhibitory receptor Tim-3 in Sjogren's syndrome (SS) and mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) treatment. The results show that Tim-3 is downregulated in T cells of SS patients and mice, and MSC transplantation can ameliorate SS-like symptoms and pathological changes by modulating Tim-3 expression. Tim-3 is also crucial for the inhibitory effect of MSCs on PBMC proliferation. These findings provide a novel mechanism of MSC treatment and suggest a potential combination therapy for SS targeting the inhibitory receptor.

INTERNATIONAL IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY (2022)

Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Therapeutic Potential of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in the Treatment of Ocular Graft-Versus-Host Disease

Carl Randall Harrell et al.

Summary: This review article summarizes the therapeutic effects and mechanisms of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) and their exosomes (MSC-Exos) in the treatment of inflammatory eye diseases and ocular graft-versus-host disease (oGVHD).

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES (2022)

Review Cell & Tissue Engineering

Emerging role of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs)-derived exosome in neurodegeneration-associated conditions: a groundbreaking cell-free approach

Hadi Yari et al.

Summary: Accumulating evidence suggests that the pleiotropic effects of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are mainly mediated by the releases of soluble paracrine mediators, rather than their differentiation competencies. MSC-derived exosomes hold great potential for the treatment of neurodegeneration-associated neurological diseases due to their unique immunomodulatory and regenerative attributes. These exosomes can cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and efficiently deliver their cargo to damaged brain tissue, influencing various biological processes in neurons, oligodendrocytes, and astrocytes.

STEM CELL RESEARCH & THERAPY (2022)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Time-Course Changes in Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in the Retinas of rds Mice: A Retinitis Pigmentosa Model

Antolin Canto et al.

Summary: The study found that in rds mice, the time sequence of oxidative stress and inflammation changes as follows: at PN11, there is a small increase in photoreceptor death and microglial cells; at PN17, damage to macromolecules is observed; at PN21, the maximum photoreceptor death rate is detected, along with an increase in GSH-GSSG and GFAP; at PN21, microglial cells are activated; and at PN28, there is a decrease in GSH synthesis enzymes. These findings contribute to understanding the pathophysiology of RP and suggest that oxidative stress and inflammation may be therapeutic targets in this disease.

ANTIOXIDANTS (2022)

Article Hematology

Biomarkers in Ocular Graft-Versus-Host Disease: Implications for the Involvement of B Cells

Zhan Shen et al.

Summary: This study investigates the involvement of B-cells in the immune mechanism of chronic ocular graft-versus-host disease (oGVHD) and identifies promising tear biomarkers. The results show that B-cell activation factor (BAFF)/proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL) exhibits superior diagnostic capabilities, suggesting the potential role of B-cells as immune substrates in chronic oGVHD.

TRANSPLANTATION AND CELLULAR THERAPY (2022)

Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

MicroRNAs and JAK/STAT3 signaling: A new promising therapeutic axis in blood cancers

Mehdi Sajjadi-Dokht et al.

Summary: Blood disorders are a type of malignancies caused by inherited or acquired defects. Drug resistance is one of the reasons for the ineffectiveness of existing therapies. The onset and progression of hematological disorders are influenced by genetic defects and abnormal STAT3 function. There is a strong association between microRNAs and STAT3 protein.

GENES & DISEASES (2022)

Article Ophthalmology

PPAR-α Agonist Fenofibrate Ameliorates Sjogren Syndrome-Like Dacryoadenitis by Modulating Th1/Th17 and Treg Cell Responses in NOD Mice

Xingyi Guo et al.

Summary: Fenofibrate can effectively alleviate inflammation in lacrimal glands in a model of autoimmune dry eye, potentially making it a novel therapeutic agent for SS-associated dacryoadenitis by activating the PPAR-alpha/LXR-beta signaling pathway.

INVESTIGATIVE OPHTHALMOLOGY & VISUAL SCIENCE (2022)

Review Genetics & Heredity

Progress in the genetics of uveitis

Xiu-Feng Huang et al.

Summary: Uveitis, the most common form of intraocular inflammatory disease, can be classified into infectious and non-infectious types. Non-infectious uveitis includes various conditions such as AAU, BD, VKH disease, BSCR, and sarcoid uveitis, with genetic and environmental factors playing important roles in its pathogenesis. Studies have identified strong associations with HLA in uveitis, leading to potential future research directions.

GENES AND IMMUNITY (2022)

Article Endocrinology & Metabolism

Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells-induced exosomal microRNA-486-3p protects against diabetic retinopathy through TLR4/NF-κB axis repression

W. Li et al.

Summary: The study revealed that up-regulation of miR-486-3p induced by BMSC-derived exosomes played a protective role in DR by inhibiting the TLR4/NF-kappa B axis. Upregulating miR-486-3p or down-regulating TLR4 inhibited oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis while promoting proliferation of HG-treated Muller cells. Meanwhile, BMSC-derived exosomes also showed similar protective effects in DR.

JOURNAL OF ENDOCRINOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION (2021)

Article Immunology

Olfactory ecto-mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes ameliorate murine Sjogren's syndrome by modulating the function of myeloid-derived suppressor cells

Ke Rui et al.

Summary: The study demonstrated that murine olfactory ecto-mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes can effectively attenuate the progression of experimental Sjogren's syndrome (ESS) by enhancing the immunosuppressive function of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). These exosomes activated the Jak2/Stat3 pathway in MDSCs through IL-6 secretion, and promoted the endogenous production of IL-6 via TLR4 signaling, indicating a potential autocrine pathway for MDSC functional modulation.

CELLULAR & MOLECULAR IMMUNOLOGY (2021)

Article Immunology

Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells-derived exosomal microRNA-17-3p ameliorates inflammatory reaction and antioxidant injury of mice with diabetic retinopathy via targeting STAT1

Wei Li et al.

Summary: Injection of exosomes containing miR-17-3p derived from hucMSCs reduced blood glucose and HbAlc, increased weight and Hb content, decreased inflammatory factors and VEGF, alleviated oxidative injury, and inhibited retinal cell apoptosis in DR mice through inhibiting STAT1.

INTERNATIONAL IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY (2021)

Article Ophthalmology

Safety and feasibility of mesenchymal stem cell therapy in patients with aqueous deficient dry eye disease

Michael Moller-Hansen et al.

Summary: The study evaluated the safety and feasibility of injecting allogeneic adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ASCs) into the lacrimal gland (LG) for treating aqueous deficient dry eye disease (ADDE). Results showed that injection of ASCs into the LG was not associated with adverse events and led to improvements in ocular surface parameters. Further research is needed to confirm the therapeutic effect of allogeneic ASCs in a larger patient cohort.

OCULAR SURFACE (2021)

Article Cell & Tissue Engineering

Intravitreal autologous mesenchymal stem cell transplantation: a non-randomized phase I clinical trial in patients with retinitis pigmentosa

Aekkachai Tuekprakhon et al.

Summary: Intravitreal injection of BM-MSCs was found to be safe and potentially effective in treating advanced RP. The study observed mild and transient adverse events in the short-term, with improvements in BCVA but no remarkable progression in VF and CST. Long-term follow-up suggested the need for further assessment with larger sample sizes and less advanced cases.

STEM CELL RESEARCH & THERAPY (2021)

Review Immunology

Immunomodulatory and Regenerative Effects of Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Extracellular Vesicles: Therapeutic Outlook for Inflammatory and Degenerative Diseases

Sylwia Dabrowska et al.

Summary: Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) possess supportive, differentiating, and immunoregulatory functions, while the extracellular vesicles (EVs) they produce can serve as a potential cellular therapy tool.

FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY (2021)

Review Cell Biology

Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Based Therapy for Retinal Degenerative Diseases: Experimental Models and Clinical Trials

Vladimir Holan et al.

Summary: Cell therapy using mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) offers a potential treatment option for retinal degenerative diseases by utilizing the cells' immunoregulatory and anti-inflammatory properties to support retinal cell survival and growth. MSCs also have the potential to protect retinal cells and contribute to the regeneration of the diseased retina.
Review Immunology

Effects of Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes on Autoimmune Diseases

Ziwei Shen et al.

Summary: Research indicates that mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes (MSC-EXOs) have a significant inhibitory effect on effector cells involved in the immune response, and can be used to treat various autoimmune diseases, serving as a promising cell-free treatment strategy.

FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY (2021)

Article Cell Biology

Mesenchymal Stem Cell Induced Foxp3(+) Tregs Suppress Effector T Cells and Protect against Retinal Ischemic Injury

Mona Agrawal et al.

Summary: This study demonstrates that induced MSCs can transfer mitochondria to immune cells to suppress effector T cells and enhance differentiation into regulatory T cells, leading to a decrease in inflammation and reduction in ischemia-reperfusion injury-induced retinal degeneration in vivo.
Review Cell & Tissue Engineering

Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells as a valuable source for the treatment of immune-mediated disorders

Alexander Markov et al.

Summary: MSCs, with their various chararcteristics and ability to differentiate into multiple cell types, possess a secretome that can modulate inflammatory responses and promote tissue repair/regeneration. Their immunomodulatory effects are achieved through the harmonious interaction of released signaling molecules and immune/target cells, making them potential therapeutic candidates for immune-mediated disorders.

STEM CELL RESEARCH & THERAPY (2021)

Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Cascade of Inflammatory, Fibrotic Processes, and Stress-Induced Senescence in Chronic GVHD-Related Dry Eye Disease

Yoko Ogawa et al.

Summary: Ocular graft-versus-host disease is a major complication after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, impacting patients' visual function and quality of life. In addition to the classical immune process, changes in senescent cells and stem cells may also contribute to the disease progression. Innovative therapies targeting the senescence-associated changes in immune cells and the inflammatory processes could provide new potential targets for treating GVHD effectively.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES (2021)

Review Cell & Tissue Engineering

Mesenchymal stem/stromal cell-derived exosomes in regenerative medicine and cancer; overview of development, challenges, and opportunities

Ali Hassanzadeh et al.

Summary: The recent focus on MSCs and their applications in biomedical science has shifted towards developing cell-free therapies, particularly focusing on the potential of MSC-released exosomes. These nano-sized vesicles play a crucial role in tissue recovery by maintaining stem cells, enhancing regeneration, and modulating immune responses. However, their specific role in cancer treatment remains a challenge, calling for further research and development in understanding their mechanisms and optimizing their therapeutic potential.

STEM CELL RESEARCH & THERAPY (2021)

Review Cell Biology

Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cell-Based Delivery: A Rapidly Evolving Strategy for Cancer Therapy

Ali Hassanzadeh et al.

Summary: MSC-based therapy in cancer treatment is attracting attention due to their tumor-targeting properties, although controversial, increasing evidence suggests their inhibitory effects on tumor cells. Research focuses on using MSCs as delivery vehicles for chemotherapeutic drugs, immune cell-activating cytokines, and exploring their potential in inducing tumor regression.

FRONTIERS IN CELL AND DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY (2021)

Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Molecular Mechanisms Related to Oxidative Stress in Retinitis Pigmentosa

Carla Enrica Gallenga et al.

Summary: Retinitis pigmentosa is a genetic retinopathy, but non-genetic factors such as inflammation, autophagy, and oxidative stress play a crucial role in its pathogenesis and progression. Oxidative stress, caused by constant exposure to light/oxidative stress, results in accumulation of ROS in the retina, leading to microglial activation and photoreceptor degeneration. Various genetic mutations and alterations in cellular response contribute to the vicious cycle of neuroinflammation and degeneration in RP, suggesting microglia as a key target for oxidative stress therapy.

ANTIOXIDANTS (2021)

Article Biology

Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes as new remedy for the treatment of inflammatory eye diseases

C. A. R. L. R. A. N. D. A. L. L. HARRELL et al.

Summary: Immune response plays a crucial role in inflammatory eye diseases, and mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes show potential as a new therapy for these diseases.

BIOCELL (2021)

Review Ophthalmology

Update on ocular graft-versus-host disease

Sridevi Nair et al.

Summary: Ocular graft-versus-host disease (oGVHD) is a complication post-hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, associated with significant ocular morbidity and reduced quality of life. Management is challenging due to lack of consensus on treatment protocols, with diagnosis and grading often based on NIH CC or ICCGVHD criteria.

INDIAN JOURNAL OF OPHTHALMOLOGY (2021)

Review Cell & Tissue Engineering

A Review on Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Treatment of Retinal Diseases

Sanjucta Adak et al.

Summary: Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) have therapeutic potential for repairing and restoring damaged retinal cells through their ability to differentiate into multiple lineages and secrete factors that prevent degeneration and improve function in the retina.

STEM CELL REVIEWS AND REPORTS (2021)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Multiple cytokine analyses of aqueous humor from the patients with retinitis pigmentosa

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CYTOKINE (2020)

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Dysregulation of trophic factors contributes to diabetic retinopathy in the Ins2Akita mouse

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EXPERIMENTAL EYE RESEARCH (2020)

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Mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles as a new therapeutic strategy for ocular diseases

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WORLD JOURNAL OF STEM CELLS (2020)

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Therapeutic Use of Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes: From Basic Science to Clinics

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Contribution of inflammasome complex in inflammatory-related eye disorders and its implications for anti-inflammasome therapy

Seyed Ahmad Rasoulinejad et al.

IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY AND IMMUNOTOXICOLOGY (2020)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Effect of cell source and osteoblast differentiation on gene expression profiles of mesenchymal stem cells derived from bone marrow or adipose tissue

Simone Ortiz Moura Fideles et al.

JOURNAL OF CELLULAR BIOCHEMISTRY (2019)

Review Cell & Tissue Engineering

Challenges and Controversies in Human Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy

Barbara Lukomska et al.

STEM CELLS INTERNATIONAL (2019)

Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Current Trends and Future Perspective of Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Exosomes in Corneal Diseases

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES (2019)

Review Cell & Tissue Engineering

Mesenchymal stem cells: Cell therapy and regeneration potential

Christina Brown et al.

JOURNAL OF TISSUE ENGINEERING AND REGENERATIVE MEDICINE (2019)

Article Cell & Tissue Engineering

MSC-Derived Exosome Promotes M2 Polarization and Enhances Cutaneous Wound Healing

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STEM CELLS INTERNATIONAL (2019)

Article Cell & Tissue Engineering

The Immunomodulatory Potential of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in a Retinal Inflammatory Environment

Barbora Hermankova et al.

STEM CELL REVIEWS AND REPORTS (2019)

Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Role of Inflammation in Diabetic Retinopathy

Anne Rubsam et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES (2018)

Review Cell Biology

Negative regulators that mediate ocular immune privilege

Andrew W. Taylor et al.

JOURNAL OF LEUKOCYTE BIOLOGY (2018)

Review Cell & Tissue Engineering

Mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles: novel frontiers in regenerative medicine

Somayeh Keshtkar et al.

STEM CELL RESEARCH & THERAPY (2018)

Review Immunology

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