Identifying factors influencing cognitive outcomes after anodal transcranial direct current stimulation in older adults with and without cognitive impairment: A systematic review

Article Clinical Neurology

Sex difference in tDCS current mediated by changes in cortical anatomy: A study across young, middle and older adults

Sagarika Bhattacharjee et al.

Summary: The study revealed sex differences in simulated tDCS current density, though patterns varied across age groups and stimulation locations.

BRAIN STIMULATION (2022)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

A systematic review and meta-analysis of transcranial direct-current stimulation effects on cognitive function in patients with Alzheimer's disease

Alireza Majdi et al.

Summary: Transcranial direct-current stimulation (tDCS) appears to improve cognitive function in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD), particularly in memory and general cognition. However, more high-quality studies with standardized parameters and measures are needed due to the limited number of studies and high heterogeneity of the data.

MOLECULAR PSYCHIATRY (2022)

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Review Neurosciences

Inter-Individual Variability in tDCS Effects: A Narrative Review on the Contribution of Stable, Variable, and Contextual Factors

Alessandra Vergallito et al.

Summary: Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has become popular in research and clinical settings due to its safety, portability, and affordability. However, previous studies have found inconsistent and low replicable results, which could be attributed to the variability in stimulation protocols and inter-individual differences. Understanding these differences could improve the efficiency and reproducibility of tDCS protocols.

BRAIN SCIENCES (2022)

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Review Neurosciences

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Enhances Cognitive Function in Patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment and Early/Mid Alzheimer's Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Jiajie Chen et al.

Summary: This meta-analysis evaluated the effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on cognitive impairment in patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). The results showed that tDCS treatment significantly improved overall cognitive function in AD and MCI patients compared to sham treatment, but did not improve behavioral symptoms, recognition memory function, attention, and executive function. Subgroup analysis suggested that stimulation of temporal-lobe-related brain areas, a greater number of stimulations, and a current density of 2.5 mA/cm(2) had more efficacy. AD patients benefited more than MCI patients. No cognitive improvement was observed at different follow-up times after treatment. These findings provide important evidence for the cognitive enhancement of tDCS in MCI and mild-to-moderate AD patients and discuss its underlying mechanisms.

BRAIN SCIENCES (2022)

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Article Behavioral Sciences

tDCS augments decision-making efficiency in an intensity dependent manner: A training study

Shane E. Ehrhardt et al.

Summary: The application of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) to the prefrontal cortex can enhance cognitive training performance, and stimulation intensity has non-linear effects on decision-making efficiency.

NEUROPSYCHOLOGIA (2022)

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Review Clinical Neurology

The benefits of simultaneous tDCS and working memory training on transfer outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Valentina Pergher et al.

Summary: This meta-analytic review examines the effectiveness of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) in enhancing working memory training (WMT) and transfer effects. The findings suggest that tDCS can improve performance on transfer tasks after WMT, lasting for weeks to months after training. The effects are most pronounced for non-trained working memory tasks.

BRAIN STIMULATION (2022)

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Article Geriatrics & Gerontology

A double-blind randomized controlled trial combining cognitive training (CoRe) and neurostimulation (tDCS) in the early stages of cognitive impairment

Claudia Rodella et al.

Summary: The study evaluated the effectiveness of a combined treatment protocol involving computerized cognitive training and anodal transcranial direct current stimulation in patients with early cognitive impairment. Results showed improvements in working memory and attention/processing speed in the treatment group compared to the control group, with the treatment group maintaining stability at 6 months. Age, mood, and baseline scores were found to play a role in predicting treatment effects.

AGING CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH (2022)

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Article Geriatrics & Gerontology

Effects of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on Episodic Memory in Older Adults: A Meta-analysis

Lijuan Huo et al.

Summary: This meta-analysis found significant effects of tDCS on improving episodic memory functions in older adults, particularly showing memory improvements at both immediate poststimulation and long-term follow-up assessments. The results suggest that tDCS protocols with shorter durations, bilateral stimulation, or larger stimulation areas may enhance episodic memory performance in older adults.

JOURNALS OF GERONTOLOGY SERIES B-PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES (2021)

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Article Psychology, Biological

Evidence against benefits from cognitive training and transcranial direct current stimulation in healthy older adults

Kristina S. Horne et al.

Summary: The study suggests that left prefrontal cortex tDCS paired with decision-making training may not effectively ameliorate age-related cognitive decline in older adults. Contrary to studies in younger adults, the training enhancement and transfer effects to untrained tasks were not observed in this population.

NATURE HUMAN BEHAVIOUR (2021)

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Article Neurosciences

New Methods, Old Brains-A Systematic Review on the Effects of tDCS on the Cognition of Elderly People

Anna Siegert et al.

Summary: The aging population increases the prevalence of age-associated diseases, leading to a greater need for novel treatments to counteract cognitive decline in the elderly. Recent studies suggest that transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) can enhance cognitive functions in elderly individuals. However, inter-subject variability and differences in brain state between health and disease restrict the generalization of stimulation methods, highlighting the importance of personalized protocol adjustment.

FRONTIERS IN HUMAN NEUROSCIENCE (2021)

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Article Behavioral Sciences

Impact of COMT val158met on tDCS-induced cognitive enhancement in older adults

Dayana Hayek et al.

Summary: This study examined the relationship between genetic polymorphisms and tDCS responsiveness in 106 healthy older adults, finding that only individual variation of COMT genotypes modulated behavioral response to tDCS.

BEHAVIOURAL BRAIN RESEARCH (2021)

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Article Geriatrics & Gerontology

Exercise priming with transcranial direct current stimulation: a study protocol for a randomized, parallel-design, sham-controlled trial in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease

Celina S. Liu et al.

Summary: This study aims to investigate the effects of exercise priming before tDCS in patients with MCI or mild AD, potentially identifying a non-invasive, non-pharmacological intervention that improves cognitive symptoms. The study will also evaluate the potential mechanistic actions of tDCS in MCI and mild AD by assessing markers of neurogenesis, oxidative stress, and angiogenesis, and their correlation with cognitive improvement.

BMC GERIATRICS (2021)

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Article Clinical Neurology

Transcranial electrical stimulation improves cognitive training effects in healthy elderly adults with low cognitive performance

Christine Krebs et al.

Summary: The study aimed to investigate the impact of tDCS or tACS on cognitive training efficiency in healthy older adults, finding that tDCS can enhance the effectiveness of cognitive training but only in participants with initially low general cognitive performance.

CLINICAL NEUROPHYSIOLOGY (2021)

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Article Neurosciences

High-Definition Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Improves Delayed Memory in Alzheimer's Disease Patients: A Pilot Study Using Computational Modeling to Optimize Electrode Position

Ingrid Daae Rasmussen et al.

Summary: This study investigated the effects of individualized HD-tDCS on memory performance in AD patients, finding that different montages were optimal for individual patients. The active HD-tDCS group showed significant improvements in delayed memory compared to the sham group, with a significant positive correlation between specific brain structures and memory performance.

JOURNAL OF ALZHEIMERS DISEASE (2021)

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Article Geriatrics & Gerontology

tDCS-Induced Memory Reconsolidation Effects and Its Associations With Structural and Functional MRI Substrates in Subjective Cognitive Decline

Lidia Vaque-Alcazar et al.

Summary: Research findings suggest that transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) targeting the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (l-DLPFC) can enhance episodic memory in individuals with subjective cognitive decline (SCD). MRI results revealed that those with superior tDCS-induced effects on memory reconsolidation exhibited higher left temporal lobe thickness and greater intrinsic functional connectivity within the default-mode network. This implies that individuals with more preserved structural and functional integrity may benefit from such interventions, promoting the maintenance of cognitive function in a population at risk for dementia.

FRONTIERS IN AGING NEUROSCIENCE (2021)

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Article Endocrinology & Metabolism

Investigating the sex-dependent effects of prefrontal cortex stimulation on response execution and inhibition

Daniel J. Fehring et al.

Summary: This study explored the interactive effects of participants' sex and background acoustic stimuli on modulating the effects of tDCS on response inhibition and execution. The findings revealed that tDCS and acoustic stimuli interactively influenced practice-related changes in response inhibition, with uniform effects seen in both males and females. However, the effects of tDCS on response execution were sex-dependent, with practice-related changes differing between males and females.

BIOLOGY OF SEX DIFFERENCES (2021)

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Article Neurosciences

Impact of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on Cognitive Function, Brain Functional Segregation, and Integration in Patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment According to Amyloid-Beta Deposition and APOE ε4-Allele: A Pilot Study

Dong-Woo Kang et al.

Summary: Sequential anodal-tDCS showed significant impact on brain functional segregation and integration parameters in MCI patients with high-risk factors for AD, while the effect on changes in neuropsychological battery scores was non-significant. The presence of Aβ retention and the APOE ε4-allele may modulate the restorative and compensatory intrinsic functional changes facilitated by anodal-tDCS in MCI patients.

BRAIN SCIENCES (2021)

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Review Clinical Neurology

A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation to Remediate Age-Related Cognitive Decline in Healthy Older Adults

Aprinda Indahlastari et al.

Summary: This study aimed to investigate the impact of tDCS on cognitive function in healthy older adults. The results showed that tDCS has the potential to improve cognitive aging, but the effects vary depending on individual differences and cognitive domains.

NEUROPSYCHIATRIC DISEASE AND TREATMENT (2021)

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Article Behavioral Sciences

A Pilot Study Comparing Effects of Bifrontal Versus Bitemporal Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in Mild Cognitive Impairment and Mild Alzheimer Disease

Celina S. Liu et al.

JOURNAL OF ECT (2020)

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Review Behavioral Sciences

Modulating brain activity and behaviour with tDCS: Rumours of its death have been greatly exaggerated

Hannah L. Filmer et al.

CORTEX (2020)

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Article Neurosciences

The effects of transcranial direct current stimulation on within- and cross-paradigm transfer following multi-session backward recall training

Elizabeth M. Byrne et al.

BRAIN AND COGNITION (2020)

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Article Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology

Multisession transcranial direct current stimulation facilitates verbal learning and memory consolidation in young and older adults

Garon Perceval et al.

BRAIN AND LANGUAGE (2020)

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Article Neurosciences

Design and Rationale of the PACt-MD Randomized Clinical Trial: Prevention of Alzheimer's dementia with Cognitive remediation plus transcranial direct current stimulation in Mild cognitive impairment and Depression

Tarek K. Rajji et al.

JOURNAL OF ALZHEIMERS DISEASE (2020)

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Article Clinical Neurology

Enhancing cognitive control training with transcranial direct current stimulation: a systematic parameter study

Simone Weller et al.

BRAIN STIMULATION (2020)

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Article Neurosciences

No Effect of Anodal tDCS on Verbal Episodic Memory Performance and Neurotransmitter Levels in Young and Elderly Participants

Annegret Habich et al.

NEURAL PLASTICITY (2020)

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Article Psychology, Experimental

Effects of 1 mA and 2 mA transcranial direct current stimulation on working memory performance in healthy participants

Irina Papazova et al.

CONSCIOUSNESS AND COGNITION (2020)

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Article Geriatrics & Gerontology

Differential Age Effects of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on Associative Memory

Ryan C. Leach et al.

JOURNALS OF GERONTOLOGY SERIES B-PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES (2019)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

tDCS-induced episodic memory enhancement and its association with functional network coupling in older adults

Daria Antonenko et al.

SCIENTIFIC REPORTS (2019)

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Article Psychiatry

Endogenous dopamine release under transcranial direct-current stimulation governs enhanced attention: a study with positron emission tomography

Mina Fukai et al.

TRANSLATIONAL PSYCHIATRY (2019)

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Article Clinical Neurology

Effects of 6-month at-home transcranial direct current stimulation on cognition and cerebral glucose metabolism in Alzheimer's disease

Jooyeon Jamie Im et al.

BRAIN STIMULATION (2019)

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Article Neurosciences

Reward motivation and neurostimulation interact to improve working memory performance in healthy older adults: A simultaneous tDCS-fNIRS study

Elisa Di Rosa et al.

NEUROIMAGE (2019)

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Article Anatomy & Morphology

Reducing negative affect with anodal transcranial direct current stimulation increases memory performance in young-but not in elderly-individuals

Jessica Peter et al.

BRAIN STRUCTURE & FUNCTION (2019)

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Article Behavioral Sciences

Neurobiological effects of transcranial direct current stimulation in younger adults, older adults and mild cognitive impairment

M. R. L. Emonson et al.

NEUROPSYCHOLOGIA (2019)

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Article Clinical Neurology

Cholinesterase Inhibitors May Not Benefit Mild Cognitive Impairment and Mild Alzheimer Disease Dementia

Jee-young Han et al.

ALZHEIMER DISEASE & ASSOCIATED DISORDERS (2019)

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Article Clinical Neurology

Therapeutic Role of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in Alzheimer Disease Patients: Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial

Eman M. Khedr et al.

NEUROREHABILITATION AND NEURAL REPAIR (2019)

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Review Medicine, General & Internal

Memantine for dementia

Rupert McShane et al.

COCHRANE DATABASE OF SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS (2019)

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Article Neurosciences

Frontal Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Induces Dopamine Release in the Ventral Striatum in Human

Clara Fonteneau et al.

CEREBRAL CORTEX (2018)

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Article Behavioral Sciences

Physiology of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation

Charlotte J. Stagg et al.

JOURNAL OF ECT (2018)

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Article Clinical Neurology

Duration but not intensity influences transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) after-effects on cortical excitability

Philippe Vignaud et al.

NEUROPHYSIOLOGIE CLINIQUE-CLINICAL NEUROPHYSIOLOGY (2018)

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Article Geriatrics & Gerontology

Frontoparietal tDCS Benefits Visual Working Memory in Older Adults With Low Working Memory Capacity

Hector Arciniega et al.

FRONTIERS IN AGING NEUROSCIENCE (2018)

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Article Psychiatry

Improving working memory in schizophrenia: Effects of 1 mA and 2 mA transcranial direct current stimulation to the left DLPFC

Irina Papazova et al.

SCHIZOPHRENIA RESEARCH (2018)

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Article Neurosciences

Effects of Anodal Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation and Serotonergic Enhancement on Memory Performance in Young and Older Adults

Kristin Prehn et al.

NEUROPSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY (2017)

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Article Neurosciences

tDCS-Induced Modulation of GABA Levels and Resting-State Functional Connectivity in Older Adults

Daria Antonenko et al.

JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE (2017)

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Review Behavioral Sciences

Using tDCS priming to improve brain function: Can metaplasticity provide the key to boosting outcomes?

Roanne Hurley et al.

NEUROSCIENCE AND BIOBEHAVIORAL REVIEWS (2017)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Sex-related difference in human white matter volumes studied: Inspection of the corpus callosum and other white matter by VBM

Akihiko Shiino et al.

SCIENTIFIC REPORTS (2017)

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Article Geriatrics & Gerontology

Anodal Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Promotes Frontal Compensatory Mechanisms in Healthy Elderly Subjects

Jesus Cespon et al.

FRONTIERS IN AGING NEUROSCIENCE (2017)

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Article Geriatrics & Gerontology

Strengthening of Existing Episodic Memories Through Non-invasive Stimulation of Prefrontal Cortex in Older Adults with Subjective Memory Complaints

Rosa Manenti et al.

FRONTIERS IN AGING NEUROSCIENCE (2017)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

The effect of cognitive-based training for the healthy older people: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Huei-Ling Chiu et al.

PLOS ONE (2017)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Task demands, tDCS intensity, and the COMT val158met polymorphism impact tDCS-linked working memory training gains

Jaclyn A. Stephens et al.

SCIENTIFIC REPORTS (2017)

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Article Psychology, Multidisciplinary

Direct-Current Stimulation Does Little to Improve the Outcome of Working Memory Training in Older Adults

Jonna Nilsson et al.

PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE (2017)

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Article Geriatrics & Gerontology

The comparative efficacy and safety of cholinesterase inhibitors in patients with mild-to-moderate Alzheimer's disease: a Bayesian network meta-analysis

Hisanori Kobayashi et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GERIATRIC PSYCHIATRY (2016)

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Article Neurosciences

Chronic Enhancement of Serotonin Facilitates Excitatory Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation-Induced Neuroplasticity

Hsiao-I Kuo et al.

NEUROPSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY (2016)

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Article Behavioral Sciences

The optimal timing of stimulation to induce long-lasting positive effects on episodic memory in physiological aging

Rosa Manenti et al.

BEHAVIOURAL BRAIN RESEARCH (2016)

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Article Clinical Neurology

Older Adults Improve on Everyday Tasks after Working Memory Training and Neurostimulation

Jaclyn A. Stephens et al.

BRAIN STIMULATION (2016)

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Article Clinical Neurology

Safety of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation: Evidence Based Update 2016

Marom Bikson et al.

BRAIN STIMULATION (2016)

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Article Clinical Neurology

At-home tDCS of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex improves visual short-term memory in mild vascular dementia

Sebastian Andre et al.

JOURNAL OF THE NEUROLOGICAL SCIENCES (2016)

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Review Behavioral Sciences

Can transcranial direct current stimulation counteract age-associated functional impairment?

Garon Perceval et al.

NEUROSCIENCE AND BIOBEHAVIORAL REVIEWS (2016)

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Article Clinical Neurology

Transcranial direct current stimulation as a memory enhancer in patients with Alzheimer's disease: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial

Martin Bystad et al.

ALZHEIMERS RESEARCH & THERAPY (2016)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Anodal transcranial direct current stimulation boosts synaptic plasticity and memory in mice via epigenetic regulation of Bdnf expression

Maria Vittoria Podda et al.

SCIENTIFIC REPORTS (2016)

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Article Geriatrics & Gerontology

The role of pre-morbid intelligence and cognitive reserve in predicting cognitive efficiency in a sample of Italian elderly

Alessandro O. Caffo et al.

AGING CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH (2016)

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Article Clinical Neurology

Transcranial direct current stimulation in mild cognitive impairment: Behavioral effects and neural mechanisms

Marcus Meinzer et al.

ALZHEIMERS & DEMENTIA (2015)

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Article Clinical Neurology

Quantitative Review Finds No Evidence of Cognitive Effects in Healthy Populations From Single-session Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS)

Jared Cooney Horvath et al.

BRAIN STIMULATION (2015)

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Review Clinical Neurology

Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Action of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation: Evidence from In Vitro and In Vivo Models

Simon J. Pelletier et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NEUROPSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY (2015)

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Article Neurosciences

Inconsistent outcomes of transcranial direct current stimulation may originate from anatomical differences among individuals: Electric field simulation using individual MRI data

Jung-Hoon Kim et al.

NEUROSCIENCE LETTERS (2014)

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Article Geriatrics & Gerontology

A double-bling randomized clinical trail on the efficacy of cortical direct current stimulation for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease

Eman M. Khedr et al.

FRONTIERS IN AGING NEUROSCIENCE (2014)

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Article Geriatrics & Gerontology

Normal Cognitive Aging

Caroline N. Harada et al.

CLINICS IN GERIATRIC MEDICINE (2013)

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Article Psychiatry

Interactions between transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and pharmacological interventions in the Major Depressive Episode: Findings from a naturalistic study

A. R. Brunoni et al.

EUROPEAN PSYCHIATRY (2013)

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Review Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Mechanisms of dopamine transporter regulation in normal and disease states

Roxanne A. Vaughan et al.

TRENDS IN PHARMACOLOGICAL SCIENCES (2013)

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Article Geriatrics & Gerontology

Enhancing verbal episodic memory in older and young subjects after non-invasive brain stimulation

Rosa Manenti et al.

FRONTIERS IN AGING NEUROSCIENCE (2013)

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Article Clinical Neurology

Prolonged visual memory enhancement after direct current stimulation in Alzheimer's disease

Paulo Sergio Boggio et al.

BRAIN STIMULATION (2012)

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Article Neurosciences

tDCS selectively improves working memory in older adults with more education

Marian E. Berryhill et al.

NEUROSCIENCE LETTERS (2012)

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Article Clinical Neurology

COMT Va158Met Genotype and Individual Differences in Executive Function in Healthy Adults

Heather A. Wishart et al.

JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY (2011)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

The Cochrane Collaboration's tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials

Julian P. T. Higgins et al.

BMJ-BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL (2011)

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Editorial Material Public, Environmental & Occupational Health

Critical evaluation of the Newcastle-Ottawa scale for the assessment of the quality of nonrandomized studies in meta-analyses

Andreas Stang

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY (2010)

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Article Geriatrics & Gerontology

Everyday functioning in mild cognitive impairment and its relationship with executive cognition

Eleni Aretouli et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GERIATRIC PSYCHIATRY (2010)

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Article Neurosciences

Serotonin Affects Transcranial Direct Current-Induced Neuroplasticity in Humans

Michael A. Nitsche et al.

BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY (2009)

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Article Psychology, Clinical

Longitudinal Changes in Memory and Executive Functioning are Associated with longitudinal change in instrumental activities of daily living in older Adults

Sarah Tomaszewski et al.

CLINICAL NEUROPSYCHOLOGIST (2009)

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Article Clinical Neurology

Temporal cortex direct current stimulation enhances performance on a visual recognition memory task in Alzheimer disease

P. S. Boggio et al.

JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGY NEUROSURGERY AND PSYCHIATRY (2009)

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Review Behavioral Sciences

Cognitive reserve

Yaakov Stern

NEUROPSYCHOLOGIA (2009)

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Review Medicine, General & Internal

The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate healthcare interventions: explanation and elaboration

Alessandro Liberati et al.

BMJ-BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL (2009)

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Article Psychiatry

Estimated pre-morbid IQ effects on cognitive and functional outcomes in Alzheimer disease: a longitudinal study in a treated cohort

John M. Starr et al.

BMC PSYCHIATRY (2008)

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Article Neurosciences

Focusing effect of acetylcholine on neuroplasticity in the human motor cortex

Min-Fang Kuo et al.

JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE (2007)

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Review Neurosciences

Neural plasticity in the ageing brain

SN Burke et al.

NATURE REVIEWS NEUROSCIENCE (2006)

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Article Neurosciences

Catecholaminergic consolidation of motor cortical neuroplasticity in humans

MA Nitsche et al.

CEREBRAL CORTEX (2004)

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Article Neurosciences

Excitability changes induced in the human motor cortex by weak transcranial direct current stimulation

MA Nitsche et al.

JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-LONDON (2000)

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Identifying factors influencing cognitive outcomes after anodal transcranial direct current stimulation in older adults with and without cognitive impairment: A systematic review

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