☆ 4.5 Review

Preclinical models of prostate cancer - modelling androgen dependency and castration resistance in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo

NATURE REVIEWS UROLOGY (2023)

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Experimental in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo models in prostate cancer research

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Summary: Androgen deprivation therapy is important in treating advanced prostate cancer, but there is a need for novel treatment approaches. It is crucial to critically assess current preclinical models in order to understand tumor progression and resistance better.

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Konrad H. Stopsack et al.

Summary: The study found that, even after adjusting for clinical characteristics, there were still differences in tumor genomics between races, with tumors from Black men carrying fewer PTEN mutations and more AR alterations. Therapies targeting alterations more common in racial minorities are needed.

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Article Oncology

Phase I/II Trial of Enzalutamide and Mifepristone, a Glucocorticoid Receptor Antagonist, for Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer

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Summary: This study evaluated the effectiveness of dual androgen receptor (AR) and glucocorticoid receptor (GR) antagonism in castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). The combination of enzalutamide and mifepristone was found to be safe and well-tolerated, but did not meet the primary endpoint. Further research should explore the use of more specific GR antagonists combined with AR antagonists in earlier disease stages.

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

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Summary: The role of endocrine disruptors in the human prostate gland is overlooked, but they can influence the homeostasis and diseases of the prostate, including prostate cancer.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES (2022)

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Summary: This study presents a novel method using bioluminescence microscopy and multi-promoter-regulated biosensors to detect the response of single prostate cancer cells to drugs and predict cell population sensitivity. The results show that this biosensor can dynamically monitor the transcriptional activity of cells before and after drug treatment, assisting clinicians in selecting the best drug therapy.

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Review Oncology

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Yuchen Xie et al.

Summary: This review focuses on the molecular characteristics and relevant genes and molecular mechanisms that contribute to the transformation of neuroendocrine differentiation in prostate cancer, aiming to discover new methods for accurate diagnosis and targeted therapy.

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Summary: Nuclear receptors are transcription factors that regulate metabolic genes by transducing hormonal, nutrient, metabolite, and redox signals. They play a central role in the transcriptional control of energy metabolism and maintain cellular energy homeostasis by adapting gene expression to changing energetic demands. Nuclear receptors must cooperate with other factors, integrate signals from key metabolic pathways, and synchronize their activities with the biological clock to orchestrate a large ensemble of input signals.

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Anti-Androgen Receptor Therapies in Prostate Cancer: A Brief Update and Perspective

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Summary: Prostate cancer relies on androgen receptor (AR) and treatments mainly focus on suppressing AR activity or reducing androgen production. Current therapies for castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) have limited effectiveness in part due to AR gene mutations or splicing variations leading to AR reactivation.

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Charlotte J. Wright et al.

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Race and prostate cancer: genomic landscape

Camilo Arenas-Gallo et al.

Summary: This review discusses racial differences in genetic mutations related to prostate cancer and the role of genomics in understanding racial disparities in prostate cancer outcomes. Recent advances in genomics have provided insights into the genomic pathogenesis of prostate cancer and identified different molecular drivers of the disease, some of which show variations across racial backgrounds. However, the extent to which genomics can explain racial differences in prostate cancer outcomes remains unclear, highlighting the need for collaborative genomic studies that include diverse racial and ethnic populations.

NATURE REVIEWS UROLOGY (2022)

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Multiple metabolic pathways fuel the truncated tricarboxylic acid cycle of the prostate to sustain constant citrate production and secretion

Lilianne Fregeau-Proulx et al.

Summary: The prostate has a unique metabolic profile with a high level of citrate secretion for maintaining male fertility. Studying the metabolic pathways of citrate synthesis in prostate cancer has potential therapeutic implications. The study revealed the involvement of several key nutrients and pathways in the prostate TCA cycle, providing new insights into the metabolic program of citrate synthesis.

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Extensive Alteration of Androgen Precursor Levels After Castration in Prostate Cancer Patients and Their Association With Active Androgen Level

Melanie Rouleau et al.

Summary: Testosterone and dihydrotestosterone play a significant role in prostate cancer progression and resistance. Castration reduces the levels of 15 circulating steroids, and their association with testosterone and dihydrotestosterone varies under different treatment conditions.

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FACS-Free isolation and purification protocol of mouse prostate epithelial cells for organoid primary culture

Lilianne Fregeau-Proulx et al.

Summary: The prostate, an important gland for male fertility, is often difficult to study. This article presents a simple method for the primary culture of mouse prostate epithelial cells and the subsequent growth of prostate organoids. The protocol described in this study eliminates the need for flow cytometry approaches, making it applicable in most research laboratories.

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EAU-EANM-ESTRO-ESUR-SIOG Guidelines on Prostate Cancer. Part II-2020 Update: Treatment of Relapsing and Metastatic Prostate Cancer

Philip Cornford et al.

Summary: The 2020 EAU-EANM-ESTRO-ESUR-SIOG guidelines provide evidence-based guidance on the treatment of relapsing, metastatic, and castration-resistant prostate cancer. These guidelines are continuously updated to reflect the latest research findings in the field.

EUROPEAN UROLOGY (2021)

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Androgen receptor (AR) heterogeneity in prostate cancer and therapy resistance

Anmbreen Jamroze et al.

Summary: This article discusses how AR heterogeneity affects the response of prostate cancer to treatment, emphasizing the de novo resistance to ARSIs exhibited by AR-/lo PCa cells/clones. Several potential combinatorial strategies are proposed, such as combining ARSIs with stem cell targeting therapeutics, to co-target both AR+ and AR-/lo PCa cells and metastatic clones.

CANCER LETTERS (2021)

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Conservation of copy number profiles during engraftment and passaging of patient-derived cancer xenografts

Xing Yi Woo et al.

Summary: The analysis of copy number alterations in patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) and matched patient tumor samples reveals strong conservation of copy number alterations from patient tumors through late-passage PDXs, without systematic evolution driven by the mouse host. This suggests that PDX models are accurate in representing human cancer and that the mouse host does not significantly impact the copy number alterations during tumor evolution within the PDX model.

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Mayuko Kanayama et al.

Summary: The treatment landscape of prostate cancer has changed significantly with the introduction of novel systemic therapies that target the androgen receptor (AR), aiming to delay disease progression. However, some tumors may develop drug resistance post treatment, highlighting the need for further research and precise definitions of emerging disease entities.

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Vitamin D sufficiency enhances differentiation of patient-derived prostate epithelial organoids

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Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries

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Summary: The global cancer burden in 2020 saw an estimated 19.3 million new cancer cases and almost 10.0 million cancer deaths. Female breast cancer surpassed lung cancer as the most commonly diagnosed cancer, while lung cancer remained the leading cause of cancer death. These trends are expected to rise in 2040, with transitioning countries experiencing a larger increase compared to transitioned countries due to demographic changes and risk factors associated with globalization and a growing economy. Efforts to improve cancer prevention measures and provision of cancer care in transitioning countries will be crucial for global cancer control.

CA-A CANCER JOURNAL FOR CLINICIANS (2021)

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EAU-EANM-ESTRO-ESUR-SIOG Guidelines on Prostate Cancer-2020 Update. Part 1: Screening, Diagnosis, and Local Treatment with Curative Intent

Nicolas Mottet et al.

Summary: The 2020 EAU-EANM-ESTRO-ESUR-SIOG guidelines on screening, diagnosis, and treatment of localized prostate cancer summarize the most recent recommendations for clinical practice, including risk-adapted strategies, medical imaging utilization, biopsy techniques, patient classification, and treatment options. Recommendations include consideration of moderate hypofractionation for intermediate-risk patients and a combination of local treatment with long-term hormonal therapy for cN1 PCa patients.

EUROPEAN UROLOGY (2021)

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Patient derived organoids in prostate cancer: improving therapeutic efficacy in precision medicine

Sahithi Pamarthy et al.

Summary: Advancements in utilizing patient derived organoids (PDOs) for modeling prostate cancer have shown promise in predicting therapeutic responses and screening effective targeted therapies. Technological innovations in generating PDOs and incorporating various extracellular matrices have improved the accuracy and reliability of these models. PDOs, especially those derived from single cells, accurately represent the molecular features of the original tumor and serve as a reliable pre-clinical model for understanding individual tumors and designing tailored targeted therapies.

MOLECULAR CANCER (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Patient-derived xenografts and organoids model therapy response in prostate cancer

Sofia Karkampouna et al.

Summary: Therapy resistance and metastatic processes in prostate cancer remain a challenge, but a new patient-derived xenograft model and organoid system may offer a personalized approach to treatment. This study reveals potential new strategies for screening drug responses and targeting advanced cases with acquired resistance to standard therapies.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2021)

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Using ex vivo culture to assess dynamic phenotype changes in human prostate macrophages following exposure to therapeutic drugs

Clovis Boibessot et al.

Summary: This study investigated the role of macrophages in the prostate tumor microenvironment and found that enzalutamide affects the expression of CD163 and CD68. Flow cytometry provides a new important tool for evaluating the immune cell composition in the prostate TME, with results suggesting associations between multiple immune-suppressive macrophage markers and immune cell phenotype composition.

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Establishment and characterization of a novel treatment-related neuroendocrine prostate cancer cell line KUCaP13

Kosuke Okasho et al.

Summary: The prevalence of neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC) arising from adenocarcinoma (AC) upon potent androgen receptor (AR) pathway inhibition is increasing, highlighting the need for deeper understanding of NEPC biology and development of novel therapeutic agents. The establishment of the novel NEPC cell line, KUCaP13, provides a valuable tool for research as it lacks AR expression, overexpresses NEPC-associated genes, and maintains critical genetic alterations associated with NEPC development. Its potential in furthering the understanding of NEPC is significant.

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The heterogeneity of prostate cancers lacking AR activity will require diverse treatment approaches

Mark P. Labrecque et al.

Summary: The use of androgen deprivation therapy and second-line anti-androgens in prostate cancer has led to the emergence of tumors employing multiple androgen receptor (AR)-dependent and AR-independent mechanisms to resist AR-targeted therapies in castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). While the AR signaling axis remains crucial, understanding the diverse biology of CRPC tumors is crucial for developing innovative treatment strategies. The review discusses the characteristics of CRPC tumors without AR activity, conversion from AR-dependent to AR-independent tumors, and prevalent treatment-emergent phenotypes like amphicrine, AR-low, double-negative, neuroendocrine and small cell phenotypes. It also explores the association between loss of AR activity, tumor plasticity, and the roles of transcription factors, DNA methylation, alternative splicing, and epigenetic modifiers in conversion to neuroendocrine or small cell phenotypes, suggesting only certain CRPC tumors have the propensity for such conversion.

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Raphaelle Servant et al.

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Summary: The article discusses the 80th anniversary of hormone ablation as a treatment for metastatic prostate cancer, covering the evolution of treatment methods and research progress, including the understanding of the pathobiology of prostate cancer, the development of new treatment paradigms, and treatment resistance and disease progression.

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Therapy considerations in neuroendocrine prostate cancer: what next?

Himisha Beltran et al.

Summary: Lineage plasticity and histologic transformation to small cell neuroendocrine prostate cancer is a recognized mechanism of treatment resistance in advanced prostate cancer. NEPC is associated with aggressive clinical features and poor prognosis. Recent studies have identified genomic, epigenomic, and transcriptome changes distinguishing NEPC from prostate adenocarcinoma, providing new therapeutic targets and emphasizing the importance of patient selection for clinical trials targeting NEPC.

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Extragonadal Steroids Contribute Significantly to Androgen Receptor Activity and Development of Castration Resistance in Recurrent Prostate Cancer after Primary Therapy

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Structural Alterations Driving Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer Revealed by Linked-Read Genome Sequencing

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Serum Sex Steroids as Prognostic Biomarkers in Patients Receiving AndrogenDeprivation Therapy for Recurrent Prostate Cancer: A Post Hoc Analysis of the PR.7 Trial

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Whole-genome and Transcriptome Sequencing of Prostate Cancer Identify New Genetic Alterations Driving Disease Progression

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Genomic hallmarks of localized, non-indolent prostate cancer

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Abiraterone plus Prednisone in Metastatic, Castration-Sensitive Prostate Cancer

Karim Fizazi et al.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2017)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Abiraterone for Prostate Cancer Not Previously Treated with Hormone Therapy

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NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2017)

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Article Endocrinology & Metabolism

The 22Rv1 prostate cancer cell line carries mixed genetic ancestry: Implications for prostate cancer health disparities research using pre-clinical models

Leanne Woods-Burnham et al.

PROSTATE (2017)

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Regulation of the glucocorticoid receptor via a BET-dependent enhancer drives antiandrogen resistance in prostate cancer

Neel Shah et al.

ELIFE (2017)

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Direct Metabolic Interrogation of Dihydrotestosterone Biosynthesis from Adrenal Precursors in Primary Prostatectomy Tissues

Charles Dai et al.

CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH (2017)

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Androgen Receptor Pathway-Independent Prostate Cancer Is Sustained through FGF Signaling

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CANCER CELL (2017)

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Maximal testosterone suppression in the management of recurrent and metastatic prostate cancer

Laurence Klotz et al.

CUAJ-CANADIAN UROLOGICAL ASSOCIATION JOURNAL (2017)

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A PCA3 gene-based transcriptional amplification system targeting primary prostate cancer

Bertrand Neveu et al.

ONCOTARGET (2016)

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Androgen receptor signaling in castration-resistant prostate cancer: a lesson in persistence

Isabel Coutinho et al.

ENDOCRINE-RELATED CANCER (2016)

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The Effect of F877L and T878A Mutations on Androgen Receptor Response to Enzalutamide

Stefan Prekovic et al.

MOLECULAR CANCER THERAPEUTICS (2016)

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Redirecting abiraterone metabolism to fine-tune prostate cancer anti-androgen therapy

Zhenfei Li et al.

NATURE (2016)

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Substantial interindividual and limited intraindividual genomic diversity among tumors from men with metastatic prostate cancer

Akash Kumar et al.

NATURE MEDICINE (2016)

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Divergent clonal evolution of castration-resistant neuroendocrine prostate cancer

Himisha Beltran et al.

NATURE MEDICINE (2016)

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Organoid culture systems for prostate epithelial and cancer tissue

Jarno Drost et al.

NATURE PROTOCOLS (2016)

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Treatment of mCRPC in the AR-axis-targeted therapy-resistant state

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ANNALS OF ONCOLOGY (2015)

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Integrative Clinical Genomics of Advanced Prostate Cancer

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CELL (2015)

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The Molecular Taxonomy of Primary Prostate Cancer

Adam Abeshouse et al.

CELL (2015)

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Alexander W. Wyatt et al.

EMBO MOLECULAR MEDICINE (2015)

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Targeting the MLL complex in castration-resistant prostate cancer

Rohit Malik et al.

NATURE MEDICINE (2015)

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Are androgen receptor variants a substitute for the full-length receptor?

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NATURE REVIEWS UROLOGY (2015)

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The development of abiraterone acetate for castration-resistant prostate cancer

Emily Grist et al.

UROLOGIC ONCOLOGY-SEMINARS AND ORIGINAL INVESTIGATIONS (2015)

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Enzalutamide for the treatment of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer

Alejo Rodriguez-Vida et al.

DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY (2015)

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Editorial Material Urology & Nephrology

PROSTATE CANCER Bicalutamide dose increase in castration-resistant disease

Fernand Labrie

NATURE REVIEWS UROLOGY (2015)

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PD-L1 is highly expressed in Enzalutamide resistant prostate cancer

Jennifer L. Bishop et al.

ONCOTARGET (2015)

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Discovery of ODM-201, a new-generation androgen receptor inhibitor targeting resistance mechanisms to androgen signaling-directed prostate cancer therapies

Anu-Maarit Moilanen et al.

SCIENTIFIC REPORTS (2015)

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Emerging mechanisms of resistance to androgen receptor inhibitors in prostate cancer

Philip A. Watson et al.

NATURE REVIEWS CANCER (2015)

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High Fidelity Patient-Derived Xenografts for Accelerating Prostate Cancer Discovery and Drug Development

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CANCER RESEARCH (2014)

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Organoid Cultures Derived from Patients with Advanced Prostate Cancer

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CELL (2014)

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AR-V7 and Resistance to Enzalutamide and Abiraterone in Prostate Cancer

Emmanuel S. Antonarakis et al.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2014)

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Androgens regulate prostate cancer cell growth via an AMPK-PGC-1α-mediated metabolic switch

J. B. Tennakoon et al.

ONCOGENE (2014)

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GATA2 facilitates steroid receptor coactivator recruitment to the androgen receptor complex

Bin He et al.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (2014)

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Copy number alteration burden predicts prostate cancer relapse

Haley Hieronymus et al.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (2014)

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Review Urology & Nephrology

The hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis and prostate cancer: implications for androgen deprivation therapy

Luis A. Kluth et al.

WORLD JOURNAL OF UROLOGY (2014)

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Glucocorticoid Receptor Confers Resistance to Antiandrogens by Bypassing Androgen Receptor Blockade

Vivek K. Arora et al.

CELL (2013)

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Punctuated Evolution of Prostate Cancer Genomes

Sylvan C. Baca et al.

CELL (2013)

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A Gain-of-Function Mutation in DHT Synthesis in Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer

Kai-Hsiung Chang et al.

CELL (2013)

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Abiraterone in Metastatic Prostate Cancer without Previous Chemotherapy

Charles J. Ryan et al.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2013)

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Of mice and men-warning: Intact versus castrated adult male mice as xenograft hosts are equivalent to hypogonadal versus abiraterone treated aging human males, respectively

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PROSTATE (2013)

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An F876L Mutation in Androgen Receptor Confers Genetic and Phenotypic Resistance to MDV3100 (Enzalutamide)

Manav Korpal et al.

CANCER DISCOVERY (2013)

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Overcoming mutation-based resistance to antiandrogens with rational drug design

Minna D. Balbas et al.

ELIFE (2013)

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Clinical biochemistry of dihydrotestosterone

Paula M. Marchetti et al.

ANNALS OF CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY (2013)

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ARN-509: A Novel Antiandrogen for Prostate Cancer Treatment

Nicola J. Clegg et al.

CANCER RESEARCH (2012)

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Distinct Transcriptional Programs Mediated by the Ligand-Dependent Full-Length Androgen Receptor and Its Splice Variants in Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer

Rong Hu et al.

CANCER RESEARCH (2012)

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The Androgen Receptor Gene Mutations Database: 2012 Update

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HUMAN MUTATION (2012)

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Androgen receptor (AR) aberrations in castration-resistant prostate cancer

Kati K. Waltering et al.

MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR ENDOCRINOLOGY (2012)

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The mutational landscape of lethal castration-resistant prostate cancer

Catherine S. Grasso et al.

NATURE (2012)

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Exome sequencing identifies recurrent SPOP, FOXA1 and MED12 mutations in prostate cancer

Christopher E. Barbieri et al.

NATURE GENETICS (2012)

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AR intragenic deletions linked to androgen receptor splice variant expression and activity in models of prostate cancer progression

Y. Li et al.

ONCOGENE (2012)

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Steroid biosynthesis and prostate cancer

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STEROIDS (2012)

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The cBio Cancer Genomics Portal: An Open Platform for Exploring Multidimensional Cancer Genomics Data

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CANCER DISCOVERY (2012)

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The use of estramustine phosphate in the modern management of advanced prostate cancer

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BJU INTERNATIONAL (2011)

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Decreased Expression and Androgen Regulation of the Tumor Suppressor Gene INPP4B in Prostate Cancer

Myles C. Hodgson et al.

CANCER RESEARCH (2011)

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Article Oncology

Activation of the Androgen Receptor by Intratumoral Bioconversion of Androstanediol to Dihydrotestosterone in Prostate Cancer

James L. Mohler et al.

CANCER RESEARCH (2011)

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Article Oncology

Intratumoral De Novo Steroid Synthesis Activates Androgen Receptor in Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer and Is Upregulated by Treatment with CYP17A1 Inhibitors

Changmeng Cai et al.

CANCER RESEARCH (2011)

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Article Oncology

Potential Prostate Cancer Drug Target: Bioactivation of Androstanediol by Conversion to Dihydrotestosterone

James L. Mohler et al.

CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH (2011)

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The androgen receptor fuels prostate cancer by regulating central metabolism and biosynthesis

Charles E. Massie et al.

EMBO JOURNAL (2011)

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Review Oncology

Alternatively spliced androgen receptor variants

Scott M. Dehm et al.

ENDOCRINE-RELATED CANCER (2011)

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Abiraterone acetate

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NATURE REVIEWS DRUG DISCOVERY (2011)

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Review Urology & Nephrology

Blockade of testicular and adrenal androgens in prostate cancer treatment

Fernand Labrie

NATURE REVIEWS UROLOGY (2011)

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Abiraterone and Increased Survival in Metastatic Prostate Cancer

Johann S. De Bono et al.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2011)

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Integrative Genomic Profiling of Human Prostate Cancer

Barry S. Taylor et al.

CANCER CELL (2010)

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Editorial Material Urology & Nephrology

Guidelines for the management of castrate-resistant prostate cancer

Fred Saad et al.

CUAJ-CANADIAN UROLOGICAL ASSOCIATION JOURNAL (2010)

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Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase Pathway Activation in Phosphate and Tensin Homolog (PTEN)-deficient Prostate Cancer Cells Is Independent of Receptor Tyrosine Kinases and Mediated by the p110β and p110δ Catalytic Subunits

Xinnong Jiang et al.

JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY (2010)

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Estrogen receptor-β activated apoptosis in benign hyperplasia and cancer of the prostate is androgen independent and TNFα mediated

Stephen J. McPherson et al.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (2010)

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Article Oncology

A Novel Androgen Receptor Splice Variant Is Up-regulated during Prostate Cancer Progression and Promotes Androgen Depletion-Resistant Growth

Zhiyong Guo et al.

CANCER RESEARCH (2009)

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Article Oncology

Ligand-Independent Androgen Receptor Variants Derived from Splicing of Cryptic Exons Signify Hormone-Refractory Prostate Cancer

Rong Hu et al.

CANCER RESEARCH (2009)

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Article Endocrinology & Metabolism

EFFECTS OF RESIN OR CHARCOAL TREATMENT ON FETAL BOVINE SERUM AND BOVINE CALF SERUM

Zhimin Cao et al.

ENDOCRINE RESEARCH (2009)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Duration of Androgen Suppression in the Treatment of Prostate Cancer

Michel Bolla et al.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2009)

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Development of a Second-Generation Antiandrogen for Treatment of Advanced Prostate Cancer

Chris Tran et al.

SCIENCE (2009)

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Review Urology & Nephrology

Androgen deprivation therapy: progress in understanding mechanisms of resistance and optimizing androgen depletion

William P. Harris et al.

NATURE CLINICAL PRACTICE UROLOGY (2009)

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Normal and cancer-related functions of the p160 steroid receptor co-activator (SRC) family

Jianming Xu et al.

NATURE REVIEWS CANCER (2009)

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Splicing of a novel androgen receptor exon generates a constitutively active androgen receptor that mediates prostate cancer therapy resistance

Scott M. Dehm et al.

CANCER RESEARCH (2008)

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Androgen levels increase by intratumoral de novo steroidogenesis during progression of castration-resistant prostate cancer

Jennifer A. Locke et al.

CANCER RESEARCH (2008)

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Maintenance of intratumoral androgens in metastatic prostate cancer: A mechanism for castration-resistant tumor growth

R. Bruce Montgomery et al.

CANCER RESEARCH (2008)

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TMPRSS2:ERG fusion identifies a subgroup of prostate cancers with a favorable prognosis

Outi R. Saramaki et al.

CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH (2008)

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Non-peptide gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor antagonists

Stephen F. Betz et al.

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Homozygous deletions and recurrent amplifications implicate new genes involved in prostate cancer

Wennuan Liu et al.

NEOPLASIA (2008)

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Review Oncology

PSA and other tissue kallikreins for prostate cancer detection

Carsten Stephan et al.

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF CANCER (2007)

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Androgens modulate expression of transcription intermediary factor 2, an androgen receptor coactivator whose expression level correlates with early biochemical recurrence in prostate cancer

Irina U. Agoulnik et al.

CANCER RESEARCH (2006)

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TMPRSS2:: ERG fusion-associated deletions provide insight into the heterogeneity of prostate cancer

Sven Perner et al.

CANCER RESEARCH (2006)

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Article Oncology

Increased expression of genes converting adrenal androgens to testosterone in androgen-independent prostate cancer

M Stanbrough et al.

CANCER RESEARCH (2006)

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Recurrent fusion of TMPRSS2 and ETS transcription factor genes in prostate cancer

SA Tomlins et al.

SCIENCE (2005)

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Article Oncology

Role of SRC-1 in the promotion of prostate cancer cell growth and tumor progression

IU Agoulnik et al.

CANCER RESEARCH (2005)

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Review Urology & Nephrology

Cell lines used in prostate cancer research: A compendium of old and new lines - Part 1

RE Sobel et al.

JOURNAL OF UROLOGY (2005)

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Molecular determinants of resistance to antiandrogen therapy

CD Chen et al.

NATURE MEDICINE (2004)

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Adrenal androgens and intracrinology

F Labrie

SEMINARS IN REPRODUCTIVE MEDICINE (2004)

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Review Endocrinology & Metabolism

The backdoor pathway to dihydrotestosterone

RJ Auchus

TRENDS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM (2004)

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Phosphorylation of both EGFR and ErbB2 is a reliable predictor of prostate cancer cell proliferation in response to EGF

SS El Sheikh et al.

NEOPLASIA (2004)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Prostate specific antigen gene regulation by androgen receptor

J Kim et al.

JOURNAL OF CELLULAR BIOCHEMISTRY (2004)

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Establishment of a prostatic small-cell carcinoma cell line (SO-MI)

H Okada et al.

PROSTATE (2003)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Isolation and characterization of androgen receptor mutant, AR(M749L), with hypersensitivity to 17-β estradiol treatment

TH Thin et al.

JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY (2003)

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Review Endocrinology & Metabolism

Molecular characterization of human prostate carcinoma cell lines

A van Bokhoven et al.

PROSTATE (2003)

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Review Oncology

Molecular biology of the androgen receptor

EP Gelmann

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ONCOLOGY (2002)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Glucocorticoids can promote androgen-independent growth of prostate cancer cells through a mutated androgen receptor

XY Zhao et al.

NATURE MEDICINE (2000)

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Review Medicine, General & Internal

Single-therapy androgen suppression in men with advanced prostate cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis

J Seidenfeld et al.

ANNALS OF INTERNAL MEDICINE (2000)

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