4.8 Review

Targeting galectin-driven regulatory circuits in cancer and fibrosis

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Article Oncology

Vaccination against galectin-1 promotes cytotoxic T-cell infiltration in melanoma and reduces tumor burden

Julia Femel et al.

Summary: Galectin-1 (Gal1) is a glycan-binding protein that promotes tumor progression through various mechanisms. Vaccination against Gal1 can generate high anti-Gal1 antibody levels and significantly impairs the growth of Gal1-expressing melanomas in mice. This is associated with improved tumor vasculature perfusion and increased infiltration of macrophages and cytotoxic T cells. Gal1 vaccination is a promising approach to enhance immunotherapeutic strategies for cancer therapy.

CANCER IMMUNOLOGY IMMUNOTHERAPY (2022)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Galectin-9 recognizes and exhibits antimicrobial activity toward microbes expressing blood group-like antigens

Anna V. Blenda et al.

Summary: Galectin-9 has been found to bind various blood group antigens and microbial glycans, exhibiting antimicrobial activity against different strains of microbes and the ability to counteract molecular mimicry.

JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY (2022)

Article Cell Biology

Galectin-1 confers resistance to doxorubicin in hepatocellular carcinoma cells through modulation of P-glycoprotein expression

Pablo Carabias et al.

Summary: GAL1, abundantly expressed in the tumor microenvironment, may promote chemoresistance in HCC cells by modulating P-gp protein expression.

CELL DEATH & DISEASE (2022)

Review Oncology

A roadmap for translational cancer glycoimmunology at single cell resolution

Andreia Peixoto et al.

Summary: This review discusses how cancer cells can evade immune responses by exploiting inhibitory immune checkpoints and explores the multifactorial nature of immune suppression. The role of cancer glycome in governing immunosuppressive behavior and available experimental models in glycoimmunology are also addressed.

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Galectin-1 prevents pathological vascular remodeling in atherosclerosis and abdominal aortic aneurysm

Raquel Roldan-Montero et al.

Summary: Galectin-1 (Gal-1) plays a significant role as a therapeutic target for atherosclerosis and abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA). Lack of Gal-1 leads to severe atherosclerosis and VSMC phenotypic switch, while treatment with recombinant Gal-1 prevents these effects and alleviates the conditions of atherosclerosis and AAA.

SCIENCE ADVANCES (2022)

Article Chemistry, Medicinal

Identification of Monosaccharide Derivatives as Potent, Selective, and Orally Bioavailable Inhibitors of Human and Mouse Galectin-3

Chunjian Liu et al.

Summary: This study reports the discovery of a novel series of monosaccharide-based, highly potent, and orally bioavailable inhibitors of human and mouse Gal-3, which is of great significance for investigating the therapeutic intervention potential of Gal-3.

JOURNAL OF MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY (2022)

Article Chemistry, Medicinal

Discovery and Optimization of the First Highly Effective and Orally Available Galectin-3 Inhibitors for Treatment of Fibrotic Disease

Fredrik R. Zetterberg et al.

Summary: This study presents a series of selective galectin-3 inhibitors with high affinity and oral bioavailability. These compounds show antifibrotic activity in fibrosis-related diseases and one of them has been selected as a clinical candidate for further research.

JOURNAL OF MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY (2022)

Letter Peripheral Vascular Disease

Characterization of a neutralizing anti-human galectin-1 monoclonal antibody with angioregulatory and immunomodulatory activities

Juan M. Perez Saez et al.

Summary: Galectins, particularly Gal-1, control tumor progression by modulating angiogenesis and immunosuppression, and a newly developed neutralizing anti-human Gal-1 monoclonal antibody (Gal-1-mAb3) shows potential therapeutic benefits by targeting a unique epitope in Gal-1 protein and exerting both angioregulatory and immunomodulatory activities.

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Article Chemistry, Medicinal

Targeting the CRD F-face of Human Galectin-3 and Allosterically Modulating Glycan Binding by Angiostatic PTX008 and a Structurally Optimized Derivative

Michelle C. Miller et al.

Summary: The study found that PTX008 has low affinity for Gal-3, but the modified PTX013 has significantly stronger binding. PTX013 also shows stronger binding to Gal-1, while neither interact strongly with Gal-7.

CHEMMEDCHEM (2021)

Article Respiratory System

Target inhibition of galectin-3 by inhaled TD139 in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

Nikhil Hirani et al.

Summary: The study showed that TD139 was safe and well tolerated in healthy subjects and IPF patients, suppressing Gal-3 expression and reducing plasma biomarkers associated with IPF progression.

EUROPEAN RESPIRATORY JOURNAL (2021)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Galectin-1-RNA interaction map reveals potential regulatory roles in angiogenesis

Jiajun Wei et al.

Summary: Galectin-1 is found to interact with numerous mRNAs, showing a preference for binding near stop codons and specific binding motifs. Its mRNA-binding activity may regulate angiogenesis through genes like VEGFA, EGR1, and LAMA5. Inhibiting galectin-1 can impact capillary tube formation and alter the expression levels of angiogenesis-related mRNAs.

FEBS LETTERS (2021)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

The therapeutic potential of galectin-3 inhibition in fibrotic disease

R. J. Slack et al.

Summary: Galectin-3, a beta-galactoside-binding mammalian lectin, plays a crucial role in regulating cellular signaling by prolonging retention time or retarding lateral movement of cell surface receptors in the plasma membrane. It is involved in various cellular functions such as diffusion, compartmentalization, endocytosis, and the functionality of membrane receptors, and has been shown to be pro-fibrotic in multiple models of organ fibrosis. Additionally, there has been a significant increase in scientific literature investigating the role of Galectin-3 in fibrotic diseases and the clinical development of new Galectin-3 inhibitors over the past decade.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY & CELL BIOLOGY (2021)

Article Immunology

Intracellular immune sensing promotes inflammation via gasdermin D-driven release of a lectin alarmin

Ashley J. Russo et al.

Summary: Studies have identified galectin-1 as a new DAMP that promotes inflammation by inhibiting CD45. The release of galectin-1 during cytosolic LPS sensing is detrimental and affects endotoxin shock.

NATURE IMMUNOLOGY (2021)

Article Oncology

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Satyen H. Gohil et al.

Summary: Advances in single-cell analysis technologies have enabled the study of tumor heterogeneity, interactions between immune cells and tumor cells, and the evolutionary trajectory of each tumor. Multidimensional biomarker signatures will be crucial for guiding clinical decision-making for cancer patients.

NATURE REVIEWS CLINICAL ONCOLOGY (2021)

Review Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

The clinical impact of glycobiology: targeting selectins, Siglecs and mammalian glycans

Benjamin A. H. Smith et al.

Summary: Carbohydrates, specifically glycans, decorate every cell in the human body and most secreted proteins. Advances in genomics, glycoproteomics, and tools from chemical biology have made glycobiology more understandable and tractable. Dysregulated glycosylation plays a major role in disease processes, sparking research targeting glycans for therapeutic benefit and leading to a boom in drug development in the field.

NATURE REVIEWS DRUG DISCOVERY (2021)

Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Reprogramming the tumor metastasis cascade by targeting galectin-driven networks

Ramiro M. Perrotta et al.

Summary: The metastatic cascade promotes tumor progression by regulating interactions between tumor cells and other cells. Metastatic cells must undergo four attributes including motility, modulation of microenvironment, cell plasticity and colonization, which directly impact the outcome of metastasis.

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Galectin-9 interacts with PD-1 and TIM-3 to regulate T cell death and is a target for cancer immunotherapy

Riyao Yang et al.

Summary: The study reveals that PD-1 contributes to exhausted T cell survival by binding to TIM-3 ligand Gal-9 and inhibiting Gal-9/TIM-3 induced cell death. Anti-Gal-9 therapy selectively expands intratumoral TIM-3(+) cytotoxic CD8 T cells and T-reg cells, while combination treatment with anti-Gal-9 and GITR agonist shows synergistic antitumor activity.

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Targeting galectin-3 with a high-affinity antibody for inhibition of high-grade serous ovarian cancer and other MUC16/CA-125-expressing malignancies

Marina Stasenko et al.

Summary: The lectin galectin-3 (Gal3) is involved in inflammatory and oncogenic processes, with interactions with MUC16 being a potential target for treatment. Inhibitory antibody 14D11 against Gal3 has shown promising results in inhibiting tumor invasion and metastasis in animal models, suggesting it may be a viable therapeutic strategy for MUC16-expressing tumors.

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SUGAR-seq enables simultaneous detection of glycans, epitopes, and the transcriptome in single cells

Conor J. Kearney et al.

Summary: SUGAR-seq is a novel method that enables simultaneous detection of N-linked glycosylation, extracellular epitopes, and the transcriptome at the single-cell level, providing insights into cellular differentiation states. Integrated analysis using SUGAR-seq and glycoproteome identified tumor-infiltrating T cells with unique surface glycan properties that reflect their epigenetic and functional state.

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Modified Citrus Pectin Treatment in Non-Metastatic Biochemically Relapsed Prostate Cancer: Results of a Prospective Phase II Study

Daniel Keizman et al.

Summary: The study showed that in non-metastatic biochemically relapsed prostate cancer patients, treatment with P-MCP significantly reduced PSA progression rates, improved PSA doubling time, and had no severe toxic effects.

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Full-Length Galectin-3 Is Required for High Affinity Microbial Interactions and Antimicrobial Activity

Shang-Chuen Wu et al.

Summary: This study defined the binding specificity of galectin-3 towards mammalian and microbial glycans, showing that Gal-3 and Gal-3C specifically engage distinct glycans but only Gal-3 exhibits antimicrobial activity against specific strains.

FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY (2021)

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Mechanisms and disease consequences of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

Rohit Loomba et al.

Summary: NAFLD and NASH are leading chronic liver diseases worldwide, causing progressive liver injury that can lead to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. These diseases are associated with hepatic glucose and lipid metabolism, and are influenced by genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors.
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Crosstalk between WNT and STAT3 is mediated by galectin-3 in tumor progression

Seok-Jun Kim et al.

Summary: The study demonstrates that galectin-3 mediates the crosstalk between the WNT and STAT3 signaling pathways. The specific galectin-3 inhibitor GB1107 shows potential anti-tumor activity against gastric cancer. Further research is needed for its clinical application in gastric cancer therapy.

GASTRIC CANCER (2021)

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The inhibitory receptor TIM-3 limits activation of the cGAS-STING pathway in intra-tumoral dendritic cells by suppressing extracellular DNA uptake

Alvaro de Mingo Pulido et al.

Summary: Blockade of the inhibitory receptor TIM-3 has shown efficacy in clinical trials of cancer immunotherapy, specifically in enhancing antitumor immunity in mammary carcinomas by increasing CXCL9 expression by cDC1 cells. This increased expression required type I interferons and extracellular DNA, with DNA uptake and efficacy of TIM-3 blockade being dependent on HMGB1 and galectin-9-induced cell surface clustering of TIM-3, suggesting a potential mechanism for TIM-3 immunotherapy.

IMMUNITY (2021)

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Synthesis, Structure-Activity Relationships, and In Vivo Evaluation of Novel Tetrahydropyran-Based Thiodisaccharide Mimics as Galectin-3 Inhibitors

Li Xu et al.

Summary: Galectin-3 is involved in cancer, inflammation, and fibrosis, and tetrahydropyran-based Galectin-3 inhibitors have been discovered as potentially valuable disease-modifying agents. Further research on these inhibitors could lead to new therapeutic options for related conditions.

JOURNAL OF MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY (2021)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Galectin-1 fosters an immunosuppressive microenvironment in colorectal cancer by reprogramming CD8(+) regulatory T cells

Alejandro J. Cagnoni et al.

Summary: Colorectal cancer is a common malignancy with limited response to immunotherapy, prompting the need for new biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Gal-1, as an endogenous glycan-binding protein, has been found to influence the activity of CD8(+) regulatory T cells in CRC, suggesting a potential immunotherapeutic approach for this disease.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (2021)

Article Oncology

Enhancing clinical and immunological effects of anti-PD-1 with belapectin, a galectin-3 inhibitor

Brendan D. Curti et al.

Summary: Combination therapy of belapectin and pembrolizumab shows promising activity in patients with metastatic melanoma and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, with increased activation of effector memory T cells and decreased levels of monocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells observed in responders. Additionally, increased expression of Gal-3, PD-1+CD8+ T cells, and higher serum trough levels of pembrolizumab are correlated with treatment response, indicating potential biomarkers for clinical outcomes.

JOURNAL FOR IMMUNOTHERAPY OF CANCER (2021)

Article Cell Biology

New Treatment Strategy Targeting Galectin-1 against Thyroid Cancer

Laetitia Gheysen et al.

Summary: The study demonstrated that OTX008 significantly inhibited proliferation, migration, and invasion in thyroid cancer cell lines expressing high levels of Gal-1, showing promising anti-cancer effects. Further investigation of the molecular mechanisms and future clinical trials in patients with anaplastic thyroid cancer are warranted.
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Emerging role of galectin family in inflammatory autoimmune diseases

Wang-Dong Xu et al.

Summary: The galectin family is a group of glycan-binding proteins playing important regulatory roles in a wide range of cellular and pathophysiological functions. Abnormal expression of galectins is associated with many inflammatory autoimmune diseases, mainly acting as disease regulators through binding to glycoconjugates.

AUTOIMMUNITY REVIEWS (2021)

Article Oncology

A minigene DNA vaccine encoding peptide epitopes derived from Galectin-1 has protective antitumoral effects in a model of neuroblastoma

Laura Liebscher et al.

Summary: Gal-1 negatively regulates CD8+ T cells in NB, while vaccination with DNA plasmids encoding Gal-1 epitopes enhances immunity and effectively suppresses NB tumor growth.

CANCER LETTERS (2021)

Article Chemistry, Medicinal

Immunoprotective neo-glycoproteins: Chemoenzymatic synthesis of multivalent glycomimetics for inhibition of cancer-related galectin-3

Viktoria Heine et al.

Summary: Galectin-3 plays a crucial role in cancerogenesis, and targeting it with artificial glycomimetics has shown a strong inhibitory effect on cancer cells. The synthesized neo-glycoproteins exhibit high selectivity, non-toxicity, and efficiency in targeting exogenous galectin-3, offering potential for immunomodulatory treatment of galectin-3-overexpressing cancers.

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY (2021)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Activated Galectin-9/Tim3 promotes Treg and suppresses Th1 effector function in chronic lymphocytic leukemia

Nannan Pang et al.

Summary: This study revealed that Tim-3 was overexpressed in CLL patients, along with elevated levels of Galectin-9/Tim-3 signaling pathway, which were associated with disease progression. By negatively regulating CD4(+) T cells, the activated Galectin-9/Tim-3 pathway suppressed Th1 effector function and promoted Treg cells to participate in immune escape of CLL. These findings suggest that this pathway could be a potential target for immunotherapy in CLL patients.

FASEB JOURNAL (2021)

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Control of intestinal inflammation by glycosylation-dependent lectin-driven immunoregulatory circuits

Luciano G. Morosi et al.

Summary: The study reveals a glycosylation-dependent on-off circuit controlled by Galectin-1 (Gal1) and its glycosylated ligands which target activated CD8(+) T cells and shape cytokine profile to maintain intestinal homeostasis. In patients with inflammatory bowel disease, increased Gal1 is associated with dysregulated expression of glycosyltransferases C2GNT1 and ST6GAL1. This provides insights into the role of Gal1 and its glycosylated ligands in recalibrating T cell immunity to preserve intestinal homeostasis.

SCIENCE ADVANCES (2021)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Galectin-1 impacts on glucose homeostasis by modulating pancreatic insulin release

Victoria Sundblad et al.

Summary: This study demonstrated that Galectin-1 plays a role in regulating glucose metabolism by modulating pancreatic insulin secretion, leading to impaired glucose tolerance and altered insulin response in female mice lacking Galectin-1. The findings suggest novel opportunities for controlling T2DM by targeting Galectin-1.

GLYCOBIOLOGY (2021)

Article Oncology

A novel miR1983-TLR7-IFNβ circuit licenses NK cells to kill glioma cells, and is under the control of galectin-1

Diana Shah et al.

Summary: The study demonstrates that miR-1983 released by glioma can activate TLR7, leading to the activation of NK cells through IFN-beta, and ultimately resulting in the eradication of glioma.

ONCOIMMUNOLOGY (2021)

Article Oncology

Galectin-3 inhibition with belapectin combined with anti-OX40 therapy reprograms the tumor microenvironment to favor anti-tumor immunity

Elizabeth R. Sturgill et al.

Summary: Combining Gal-3 inhibition with aOX40 therapy promotes tumor regression and increases survival by reducing M-MDSC-mediated immune suppression, enhancing CD8(+) T cell recruitment, leading to improved tumor regression and survival.

ONCOIMMUNOLOGY (2021)

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Galectin-3 Inhibition With Modified Citrus Pectin in Hypertension

Emily S. Lau et al.

Summary: In this trial, higher Gal-3 levels were associated with female sex, diabetes, and reduced glomerular filtration rate in cross-sectional analyses, but treatment with modified citrus pectin did not change collagen markers. Further investigation is needed for the effect of Gal-3 inhibition among individuals with heart failure.

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Intracellular galectins sense cytosolically exposed glycans as danger and mediate cellular responses

Ming-Hsiang Hong et al.

Summary: Galectins are animal lectins that recognize carbohydrates and play important roles in cellular homeostasis. Recent studies have shown that galectins accumulate around damaged endocytic vesicles and control cellular responses by interacting with cellular proteins, such as autophagy. The differential regulatory effects among galectins are also highlighted in this review.

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Jaymin J. Kathiriya et al.

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GLYCOBIOLOGY (2016)

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Combination of galectin inhibitor GCS-100 and BH3 mimetics eliminates both p53 wild type and p53 null AML cells

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PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (2013)

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Regulation of Transforming Growth Factor-β1-driven Lung Fibrosis by Galectin-3

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Galectin-3 Protein Regulates Mobility of N-cadherin and GM1 Ganglioside at Cell-Cell Junctions of Mammary Carcinoma Cells

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JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY (2012)

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Antitumor Agent Calixarene 0118 Targets Human Galectin-1 as an Allosteric Inhibitor of Carbohydrate Binding

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1H-1,2,3-Triazol-1-yl thiodigalactoside derivatives as high affinity galectin-3 inhibitors

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BIOORGANIC & MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY (2010)

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CARBOHYDRATE RESEARCH (2009)

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Ligand Reduces Galectin-1 Sensitivity to Oxidative Inactivation by Enhancing Dimer Formation

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Galectin-1 Tunes TCR Binding and Signal Transduction to Regulate CD8 Burst Size

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Galectin-3 negatively regulates TCR-mediated CD4+ T-cell activation at the immunological synapse

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PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (2009)

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NATURE REVIEWS IMMUNOLOGY (2009)

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Galectin-3 expression and secretion links macrophages to the promotion of renal fibrosis

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AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY (2008)

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EXPERT REVIEWS IN MOLECULAR MEDICINE (2008)

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Galectin-1,-2, and-3 exhibit differential recognition of sialylated glycans and blood group antigens

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Regulation of alternative macrophage activation by galectin-3

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NATURE IMMUNOLOGY (2008)

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CURRENT OPINION IN STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY (2007)

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CARBOHYDRATE RESEARCH (2007)

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The AP1-dependent secretion of galectin-1 by Reed - Sternberg cells fosters immune privilege in classical Hodgkin lymphoma

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PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (2007)

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Galectin-1 is essential in tumor angiogenesis and is a target for antiangiogenesis therapy

Victor L. J. L. Thijssen et al.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (2006)

Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Glycosylation in cellular mechanisms of health and disease

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Galectin-3 regulates myofibroblast activation and hepatic fibrosis

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BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS (2005)

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Regulation of cytokine receptors by Golgi N-glycan processing and endocytosis

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