Natural Zeolites for the Sorption of Ammonium: Breakthrough Curve Evaluation and Modeling

The excessive use of ammonium fertilizer and its associated leakage threatens aquatic environments around the world. With a focus on the treatment of drinking water, the scope of this study was to evaluate and model the breakthrough curves for NH4+ in zeolite-filled, fixed-bed columns. Breakthrough experiments were performed in single- and multi-sorbate systems with the initial K+ and NH4+ concentrations set to 0.7 mmol/L. Breakthrough curves were successfully modeled by applying the linear driving force (LDF) and Thomas models. Batch experiments revealed that a good description of NH4+ sorption was provided by the Freundlich sorption model (R-2 = 0.99), while unfavorable sorption was determined for K+ (n(F) = 2.19). Intraparticle diffusion was identified as the rate limiting step for NH4+ and K+ during breakthrough. Compared to ultrapure water, the use of tap, river, and groundwater matrices decreased the treated bed volumes by between 25% and 69%-as measured at a NH4+ breakthrough level of 50%. The concentrations of K+ and of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) were identified as the main parameters that determine NH4+ sorption in zeolite-filled, fixed-bed columns. Based on our results, the LDF and Thomas models are promising tools to predict the breakthrough curves of NH4+ in zeolite-filled, fixed-bed columns.

Automated summary

The excessive use of ammonium fertilizer and leakage poses a threat to aquatic environments worldwide. This study focused on evaluating and modeling breakthrough curves for NH4+ in zeolite-filled, fixed-bed columns for drinking water treatment. The Freundlich sorption model successfully described the NH4+ sorption, while unfavorable sorption was observed for K+. Intraparticle diffusion was identified as the rate limiting step for NH4+ and K+ breakthrough. The use of tap, river, and groundwater matrices decreased the treated bed volumes compared to ultrapure water, with K+ and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations being the main parameters affecting NH4+ sorption.