4.6 Review

Recent Advances in N-O Bond Cleavage of Oximes and Hydroxylamines to Construct N-Heterocycle

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Metallaphotoredox: The Merger of Photoredox and Transition Metal Catalysis

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Summary: The merger of photoredox catalysis with transition metal catalysis, known as metallaphotoredox catalysis, has become an important part of synthetic methodology. It combines the bond formation capability of transition metal catalysis with the utility of photoinduced electron and energy transfer processes. Photocatalytic substrate activation allows the involvement of simple starting materials in metal-mediated bond-forming processes, while electron or energy transfer with organometallic intermediates provides a complementary activation mode to traditional catalytic platforms.

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Nickel Catalysis via SH2 Homolytic Substitution: The Double Decarboxylative Cross-Coupling of Aliphatic Acids

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Pd-Catalyzed C-O Bond Formation Enabling the Synthesis of Congested N,N,O-Trisubstituted Hydroxylamines

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Summary: A Pd-catalyzed C-O cross-coupling reaction was reported, which allows for the synthesis of highly congested hydroxylamines with an α-quaternary carbon center without cleavage of the N-O bond. This strategy shows high chemoselectivity, broad substrate scope, and excellent functional group tolerance, and has been demonstrated by pharmaceutical derivatization and postcatalytic modifications.

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Enantioselective Reductive N-Cyclization-Alkylation Reaction of Alkene-Tethered Oxime Esters and Alkyl Iodides by Nickel Catalysis

Xue-Gong Jia et al.

Summary: This study reports a novel N-cyclization-alkylation reaction, showcasing the potential of heterocyclization for accessing enantioenriched cyclic architectures and solving a long-standing challenge in synthetic chemistry.

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Summary: O-substituted derivatives of N-hydroxyphthalimide (NHPI) have gained attention as convenient reagents for generating free radicals under mild conditions. N-alkoxyphtalimides are effective in generating alkoxy free radicals, leading to selective synthetic transformations. This review discusses visible light induced reactions, including hydrogen atom transfer and beta-scission, as well as non-photochemical tin-mediated processes.

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Ni and Fe catalyzed cascade radical reactions of oxime esters with diselenides

Linpeng Liu et al.

Summary: A method for radical cyclization and ring-opening of oxime esters with diselenides has been developed. Both Ni(0) and Fe(ii) catalysts can be used for the selenylation of olefin-containing and cyclic oxime ester derivatives. Using this method, a variety of functionalized pyrrolines and alkyl nitriles can be synthesized in good yields. Additionally, a mechanism involving iminyl radical and carbon-centered radical intermediates has been proposed.

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Enantioselective Reductive N-Cyclization-Alkylation Reaction of Alkene-Tethered Oxime Esters and Alkyl Iodides by Nickel Catalysis

Xue-Gong Jia et al.

Summary: This study presents a new method for the preparation of enantioenriched heterocycles through N-cyclization-alkylation reaction, addressing a long-standing challenge in the synthetic community and achieving highly enantioenriched pyrrolines under mild conditions.

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Recent Developments in Radical Cross-Coupling of Redox-Active Cycloketone Oximes

Fang Xiao et al.

Summary: A new method has been discovered to introduce active cyanoalkyl groups into organic compounds via ring fragmentation without the use of toxic cyanide sources. Recent advances in redox-active cycloketone oximes-based cross-couplings were comprehensively reviewed, categorizing into non-photocatalyzed and photocatalyzed cross-couplings with representative examples and reaction mechanisms discussed.

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[3+1+1] Annulation Reaction of Benzo-1,2-Quinones, Aldehydes and Hydroxylamine Hydrochloride: Access to Benzoxazoles with Inorganic Nitrogen Source

Fulin Chen et al.

Summary: The synthesis of benzoxazoles using inorganic hydroxylamine hydrochloride as the nitrogen source in a [3+1+1] annulation reaction with benzo-1,2-quinones and aldehydes was reported, resulting in high yields of various useful benzoxazoles. Preliminary mechanistic studies indicated that the quinone oxime serves as the reaction intermediate instead of the aldehyde oxime.

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Chemodivergent Synthesis of Oxazoles and Oxime Ethers Initiated by Selective C-N/C-O Formation of Oximes and Diazo Esters

Zhenjie Qi et al.

Summary: Chemodivergent reactions of oximes and diazo esters involving Rh-catalyzed [3+2] annulation and photodriven O-H insertion have been developed to generate oxazoles and oxime ethers, showing excellent tolerance to a variety of functional groups.

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Oxime-Derived Iminyl Radicals in Selective Processes of Hydrogen Atom Transfer and Addition to Carbon-Carbon π-Bonds

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Summary: This review focuses on synthetic methods based on oxime-derived iminyl radicals developed in the last few years, excluding ring opening reactions of cyclic iminyl radicals summarized in recent publications. It highlights reactions involving 1,n-hydrogen atom transfer and addition of iminyl radicals to the carbon-carbon pi-bond, showcasing the versatility and utility of these methods in organic synthesis.

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Radical Cascade Reactions of β,γ-Unsaturated Hydrazones/Oximes

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Summary: This review summarizes and classifies three catalytic ways of radical cascade cyclization of beta,gamma-unsaturated hydrazones/oximes: transition-metal-catalyzed systems, transition-metal-free systems, and photo-/electrocatalytic systems. Through these methods, various functional groups are installed on the pyrazoline and isoxazoline skeletons to enrich the small organic molecule library.

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Photoinduced Copper-Catalyzed Asymmetric C-O Cross-Coupling

Jun Chen et al.

Summary: This study presents a photoinduced copper-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction for the generation of allylic esters. The reaction proceeds at room temperature with high regio- and enantioselectivity.

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Copper-Catalyzed β-Lactam Formation Initiated by 1,3-Azaprotio Transfer of Oximes and Methyl Propiolate

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Summary: A copper(II)-catalyzed protocol has been developed for the construction of trans-configured beta-lactams and spirocyclic beta-lactams from oximes and methyl propiolate, with excellent substrate flexibility and diastereoselectivity (up to >99:1 dr). In situ FT-IR mechanistic experiments suggest that ketene species may be involved in the formation of beta-lactams.

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Iron(ii)-catalyzed intermolecular aziridination of alkenes employing hydroxylamine derivatives as clean nitrene sources

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