Aroylated phenylenediamine HO53 modulates innate immunity, histone acetylation and metabolism

In the current context of antibiotic resistance, the need to find alternative treatment strategies is urgent. Our research aimed to use synthetized aroylated phenylenediamines (APDs) to induce the expression of cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide gene (CAMP) to minimize the necessity of antibiotic use during infection. One of these compounds, HO53, showed promising results in inducing CAMP expression in bronchial epithelium cells (BCi-NS1.1 hereafter BCi). Thus, to decipher the cellular effects of HO53 on BCi cells, we performed RNA sequencing (RNAseq) analysis after 4, 8 and 24 h treatment of HO53. The number of differentially expressed transcripts pointed out an epigenetic modulation. Yet, the chemical structure and in silico modeling indicated HO53 as a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor. When exposed to a histone acetyl transferase (HAT) inhibitor, BCi cells showed a decreased expression of CAMP. Inversely, when treated with a specific HDAC3 inhibitor (RGFP996), BCi cells showed an increased expression of CAMP, indicating acetylation status in cells as determinant for the induction of the expression of the gene CAMP expression. Interestingly, a combination treatment with both HO53 and HDAC3 inhibitor RGFP966 leads to a further increase of CAMP expression. Moreover, HDAC3 inhibition by RGFP966 leads to increased expression of STAT3 and HIF1A, both previously demonstrated to be involved in pathways regulating CAMP expression. Importantly, HIF1 alpha is considered as a master regulator in metabolism. A significant number of genes of metabolic enzymes were detected in our RNAseq data with enhanced expression conveying a shift toward enhanced glycolysis. Overall, we are demonstrating that HO53 might have a trans-lational value against infections in the future through a mechanism leading to innate immunity strengthening involving HDAC inhibition and shifting the cells towards an immunometabolism, which further favors innate immunity activation.

Automated summary

In the context of antibiotic resistance, the urgent need for alternative treatment strategies is addressed in this study. The researchers investigated the use of synthetized compounds called aroylated phenylenediamines (APDs) to induce the expression of a gene called cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide gene (CAMP) as a means to reduce the use of antibiotics during infection. The compound HO53 showed promising results in inducing CAMP expression in bronchial epithelium cells, and further analysis revealed its potential as a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor, which affects the acetylation status of cells and influences the expression of CAMP and other genes related to innate immunity and metabolism.