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The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex: Life's essential, vulnerable and druggable energy homeostat

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Summary: Gain-of-function mutations in IDH result in the production of oncometabolite D-2HG, which promotes tumorigenesis by affecting the metabolism and antitumor functions of CD8(+) T cells.

SCIENCE (2022)

Review Endocrinology & Metabolism

Understanding lactate sensing and signalling

Michelangelo Certo et al.

Summary: Metabolites generated from cellular and tissue metabolism, such as lactate, have been found to have signaling functions and play important roles in various physiological and pathological processes.

TRENDS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM (2022)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Adipocyte-derived lactate is a signalling metabolite that potentiates adipose macrophage inflammation via targeting PHD2

Tianshi Feng et al.

Summary: Adipocyte tissue macrophages (ATM) are recruited and activated in obesity. Adipocytes release lactate as a signal of inflammation, which can enhance obesity-associated inflammation through direct binding with PHD2. This study reveals the critical role of adipocyte-derived lactate in promoting the pro-inflammatory microenvironment in adipose tissue and identifies PHD2 as a direct sensor of lactate, linking chronic inflammation and energy metabolism.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2022)

Article Geriatrics & Gerontology

Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 promotes ubiquitin-proteasome system-dependent muscle atrophy

Ibotombi Singh Sinam et al.

Summary: This study reveals that PDK4 mediates dexamethasone-induced muscle atrophy by phosphorylating and degrading myogenin. The findings suggest that PDK4 may be a potential therapeutic target for muscle wasting.

JOURNAL OF CACHEXIA SARCOPENIA AND MUSCLE (2022)

Article Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems

Detection of increased pyruvate dehydrogenase flux in the human heart during adenosine stress test using hyperpolarized [1-13C]pyruvate cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging

Steen Hylgaard Joergensen et al.

Summary: This study combines adenosine stress testing with HP [1-C-13]pyruvate CMR to detect cardiac metabolism in healthy individuals. The results demonstrate an increase in myocardial perfusion and metabolism during stress.

JOURNAL OF CARDIOVASCULAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE (2022)

Article Endocrinology & Metabolism

PARK7/DJ-1 promotes pyruvate dehydrogenase activity and maintains Treg homeostasis during ageing

Egle Danileviciute et al.

Summary: In this study, the researchers found that the protein DJ-1 plays a crucial role in regulating PDH activity in T-reg cells, especially in aged mice. This discovery provides new insights into the regulation of the PDH complex and suggests the DJ-1-PDHB axis as a potential target for maintaining or re-establishing T-reg homeostasis.

NATURE METABOLISM (2022)

Review Physiology

Mitochondria as mediators of systemic inflammation and organ cross talk in acute kidney injury

Mark Hepokoski et al.

Summary: Acute kidney injury (AKI) is an inflammatory disease that can cause remote organ failures. Mitochondrial injury in AKI leads to the release of damage-associated molecular patterns, which activate systemic inflammation. Current evidence suggests that modulating extracellular mitochondrial damage-associated molecular patterns may have the potential to improve remote organ failures caused by AKI.

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-RENAL PHYSIOLOGY (2022)

Article Endocrinology & Metabolism

MAPK signalling-induced phosphorylation and subcellular translocation of PDHE1 alpha promotes tumour immune evasion

Yajuan Zhang et al.

Summary: This study reveals a mechanism through which phosphorylation-dependent subcellular translocation of PDHE1 alpha promotes tumor immune evasion.

NATURE METABOLISM (2022)

Article Gastroenterology & Hepatology

PPARγ Coactivator-1α Suppresses Metastasis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma by Inhibiting Warburg Effect by PPARγ-Dependent WNT/β-Catenin/Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Kinase Isozyme 1 Axis

Qiaozhu Zuo et al.

Summary: The study revealed that PGC1 alpha is down-regulated in HCC, and its low expression is associated with poor prognosis, vascular invasion, and larger tumor size. PGC1 alpha inhibits HCC metastasis by regulating the WNT/beta-catenin/PDK1 axis.

HEPATOLOGY (2021)

Article Endocrinology & Metabolism

Neuroprotective role of lactate in rat neonatal hypoxia-ischemia

Helene Roumes et al.

Summary: Lactate has shown neuroprotective effects in a neonatal hypoxia-ischemia model, reducing brain lesion volume rapidly and efficiently. Lactate metabolism plays a key role in this protection, and lactate administration holds promise as an effective therapy for neonatal HI insult.

JOURNAL OF CEREBRAL BLOOD FLOW AND METABOLISM (2021)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Lung Myofibroblasts Promote Macrophage Profibrotic Activity through Lactate-induced Histone Lactylation

Huachun Cui et al.

Summary: This study demonstrates that in lung fibrosis, myofibroblasts enhance glycolysis to produce lactate, which regulates the pathogenic phenotype of alveolar macrophages. Lactate induces profibrotic gene expression in macrophages, promoting the fibrotic process.

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF RESPIRATORY CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (2021)

Review Endocrinology & Metabolism

Loss of metabolic flexibility as a result of overexpression of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinases in muscle, liver and the immune system: Therapeutic targets in metabolic diseases

Jae-Han Jeon et al.

Summary: Good health relies on maintaining metabolic flexibility, which is influenced by the regulation of a large number of enzymes, particularly the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC) in carbohydrate metabolism. The flexibility in PDC regulation depends on the balance between pyruvate dehydrogenase kinases (PDKs) and pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatases. Overexpression of PDK4 leading to PDC inactivation contributes to hyperglycemia and serious health issues like diabetes. Other diseases such as cancers, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and sepsis also show loss of regulatory flexibility in PDC.

JOURNAL OF DIABETES INVESTIGATION (2021)

Review Genetics & Heredity

Extreme heterogeneity of human mitochondrial DNA from organelles to populations

James B. Stewart et al.

Summary: Deep resequencing has revealed extreme genetic variation in mitochondrial genomes at multiple levels, shedding light on the origins of human mitochondrial DNA mutations and their impact on rare and common human diseases, including cancer.

NATURE REVIEWS GENETICS (2021)

Article Cell Biology

Yin Yang 1-induced LINC00667 up-regulates pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1 to promote proliferation, migration and invasion of cholangiocarcinoma cells by sponging miR-200c-3p

Jinglin Li et al.

Summary: The study showed that LINC00667 is highly expressed in cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) and promotes CCA development by regulating the YY1/LINC00667/miR-200c-3p/PDK1 axis. Suppression of LINC00667 inhibits proliferation, migration, and invasion of CCA cells, suggesting a novel therapeutic strategy for CCA treatment.

HUMAN CELL (2021)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

The key role of Warburg effect in SARS-CoV-2 replication and associated inflammatory response

Philippe Icard et al.

Summary: The current mortality due to Covid-19 pandemic highlights the lack of effective treatment, with research suggesting that the replication of SARS-CoV-2 may rely on altered glucose metabolism similar to the Warburg effect in cancer. Inhibiting two key signaling pathways that sustain aerobic glycolysis could potentially inhibit virus replication. Understanding the role of the Warburg effect in Covid-19 could be crucial in developing strategies to reduce infectivity and immune response.

BIOCHIMIE (2021)

Article Oncology

PDK4 promotes tumorigenesis and cisplatin resistance in lung adenocarcinoma via transcriptional regulation of EPAS1

Shuo Yu et al.

Summary: This study identified PDK4 as a key upregulated kinase in cisplatin-resistant lung adenocarcinoma cells, where its overexpression was directly linked to chemoresistance and enhanced tumor cell growth through the regulation of EPAS1 expression. High expression of PDK4 was also correlated with poor prognosis in patients with lung adenocarcinoma.

CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY AND PHARMACOLOGY (2021)

Article Cell Biology

The Source of Glycolytic Intermediates in Mammalian Tissues

Tara TeSlaa et al.

Summary: Glycolysis is central to organismal metabolism, with circulating glucose and intracellular glycogen being the main sources of glycolytic intermediates. Gluconeogenesis also contributes to glycolysis to a lesser extent. Different tissues show variations in utilizing circulating glucose for glycolysis, with most tissues relying on glycogen breakdown for glycolytic intermediates. Overall, the body slowly breaks down internal glycogen stores while select tissues rapidly catabolize circulating glucose for oxidation.

CELL METABOLISM (2021)

Article Cell Biology

The pyruvate-lactate axis modulates cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure

Ahmad A. Cluntun et al.

Summary: The metabolic rewiring of cardiomyocytes, including decreased mitochondrial pyruvate oxidation and increased lactate export, is a key feature of heart failure. The mitochondrial pyruvate carrier (MPC) and the cellular lactate exporter monocarboxylate transporter 4 (MCT4) play pivotal roles in this metabolic axis. Alteration of the pyruvate-lactate axis is a fundamental and early feature of cardiac hypertrophy and failure.

CELL METABOLISM (2021)

Article Endocrinology & Metabolism

3-Hydroxybutyrate administration elevates plasma parathyroid hormone in a pilot human randomized, controlled, cross over trial

Mads Svart et al.

Summary: This study examined the impact of exogenous 3OHB administration on bone metabolism, specifically on PTH, calcium/phosphate homeostasis, and bone turnover markers. It was found that 3OHB infusion led to an increase in PTH concentration, a decrease in phosphate levels, and an increase in markers of bone resorption. These findings suggest a potential negative effect of 3OHB on bone health, which warrants further investigation in future studies.
Article Neurosciences

Satellite glia as a critical component of diabetic neuropathy: Role of lipocalin-2 and pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase-2 axis in the dorsal root ganglion

Anup Bhusal et al.

Summary: Research shows that diabetes upregulates lipocalin-2 (LCN2) in satellite glial cells (SGCs) within the dorsal root ganglia, leading to increased expression of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase-2 (PDK2) and production of lactic acid, playing a crucial role in the pathogenesis of diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN).
Article Endocrinology & Metabolism

PDK2 Deficiency Prevents Ovariectomy-Induced Bone Loss in Mice by Regulating the RANKL-NFATc1 Pathway During Osteoclastogenesis

Ji-Min Lee et al.

Summary: In this study, inhibition of PDK2 was found to prevent osteoporosis in estrogen-deficient mice by reducing aberrant osteoclast activation. These findings suggest that PDK2 inhibitors might be repurposed for the therapy of estrogen deficiency-induced osteoporosis.

JOURNAL OF BONE AND MINERAL RESEARCH (2021)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Increased demand for NAD+ relative to ATP drives aerobic glycolysis

Alba Luengo et al.

Summary: Increasing the activity of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex impairs cell proliferation by reducing the NAD(+)/NADH ratio, which is caused by increased mitochondrial membrane potential. When demand for NAD(+) exceeds the demand for ATP in cells, aerobic glycolysis is promoted despite available oxygen.

MOLECULAR CELL (2021)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Restoring metabolism of myeloid cells reverses cognitive decline in ageing

Paras S. Minhas et al.

Summary: Ageing is characterized by chronic pro-inflammatory responses that affect various aspects of health, including the brain. The study shows that in ageing mice, myeloid cell bioenergetics are suppressed in response to increased signalling by the lipid messenger prostaglandin E-2 (PGE(2)), leading to maladaptive pro-inflammatory responses. By inhibiting myeloid EP2 signalling, it is possible to reverse cognitive ageing and restore youthful immune functions.

NATURE (2021)

Review Cell Biology

NAD+ metabolism and its roles in cellular processes during ageing

Anthony J. Covarrubias et al.

Summary: NAD(+) is a crucial coenzyme in redox reactions and plays a pivotal role in energy metabolism. Its levels decline with age, and raising NAD(+) levels is being explored as a potential strategy to extend human lifespan and healthspan. NAD(+) influences key cellular processes and functions, including metabolic pathways, DNA repair, and cellular senescence, with implications for healthy aging and age-related diseases.

NATURE REVIEWS MOLECULAR CELL BIOLOGY (2021)

Article Biophysics

Hyperpolarized magnetic resonance shows that the anti-ischemic drug meldonium leads to increased flux through pyruvate dehydrogenase in vivo resulting in improved post-ischemic function in the diabetic heart

Dragana Savic et al.

Summary: The study investigated the effects of meldonium on cardiac metabolism in diabetic rats, revealing an increase in pyruvate dehydrogenase flux and improvement in cardiac recovery after ischemia.

NMR IN BIOMEDICINE (2021)

Article Oncology

Phosphorylated form of pyruvate dehydrogenase α1 mediates tumor necrosis factor α-induced glioma cell migration

Zijun Yang et al.

Summary: The study demonstrated that p-PDHA1 levels increased with the grade of glioma, and mediated TNF-alpha induced cell migration in glioma cells. These results suggest that p-PDHA1 plays a crucial role in glioma cell migration and development.

ONCOLOGY LETTERS (2021)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Emr1 regulates the number of foci of the endoplasmic reticulum-mitochondria encounter structure complex

Faiz Rasul et al.

Summary: This study reveals the crucial role of the previously uncharacterized mitochondrial membrane protein Emr1 in regulating the number of ERMES foci, with its absence significantly decreasing the foci number, affecting mitochondrial morphology and segregation. Emr1 interacts with the ERMES core component Mdm12 and is essential for ERMES functions, shedding light on the dynamic regulation of endoplasmic reticulum-mitochondria communication.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2021)

Article Endocrinology & Metabolism

Kruppel-like factor 15 regulates fuel switching between glucose and fatty acids in brown adipocytes

Yuko Nabatame et al.

Summary: The study highlights the importance of KLF15 in regulating fuel switching between glucose and fatty acids in brown adipose tissue. This is achieved through its impact on fatty acid and glucose oxidation, as well as pyruvate dehydrogenase complex activity in BAT.

JOURNAL OF DIABETES INVESTIGATION (2021)

Review Physiology

The Effect of Inflammation on Bone

Scott Epsley et al.

Summary: Bone remodeling is a continual process involving osteoblasts and osteoclasts, where inflammation plays a crucial role in skewing the process towards resorption. Inflammatory mediators interact with bone cells to alter the expression of regulatory factors, leading to various bone-related pathologies. Further research is needed to advance early detection and treatments for bone diseases influenced by inflammation.

FRONTIERS IN PHYSIOLOGY (2021)

Article Hematology

Defective palmitoylation of transferrin receptor triggers iron overload in Friedreich ataxia fibroblasts

Floriane Petit et al.

Summary: Friedreich ataxia (FRDA) is a genetic disease caused by a GAA repeat expansion in the FXN gene, leading to iron accumulation in the brain and heart of patients. Frataxin deficiency affects the palmitoylation of transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1). Treatments with artesunate, CoA, and dichloroacetate can improve TfR1 palmitoylation, reducing iron overload.
Article Oncology

Proteogenomic and metabolomic characterization of human glioblastoma

Liang-Bo Wang et al.

Summary: Understanding the molecular pathogenesis of glioblastoma is crucial for improving diagnosis and treatment. Integrated analysis of genomic, proteomic, and metabolomic data on treatment-naive glioblastomas has identified key phosphorylation events and potential targets for specific tumor alterations. Immune subtypes with distinct immune cell types were discovered, and specific histone acetylation patterns were correlated with these subtypes, providing insights for stratification of patients for more effective treatment.

CANCER CELL (2021)

Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Metabolic consequences of obesity and type 2 diabetes: Balancing genes and environment for personalized care

Nicolas J. Pillon et al.

Summary: This review focuses on the influence of genetic and environmental factors on metabolism and highlights the importance of personalized strategies for prevention, management, and care to improve health outcomes and reduce the impact of metabolic diseases.
Article Cell Biology

The phytochemical hyperforin triggers thermogenesis in adipose tissue via a Dlat-AMPK signaling axis to curb obesity

Suzhen Chen et al.

Summary: The plant chemical hyperforin (HPF) is found to promote adipose tissue thermogenesis by stimulating AMPK and PGC-1α, with dihydrolipoamide S-acetyltransferase (Dlat) identified as a direct molecular target of HPF. Genetic association studies suggest a link between DLAT variation and obesity. HPF shows promise as a pharmacological approach to treating obesity by promoting energy expenditure.

CELL METABOLISM (2021)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Metformin and sodium dichloroacetate effects on proliferation, apoptosis, and metabolic activity tested alone and in combination in a canine prostate and a bladder cancer cell line

Katharina Klose et al.

Summary: The study evaluated the independent and synergistic effects of metformin and DCA on canine prostate adenocarcinoma and transitional cell carcinoma cell lines, showing synergistic effects in both neoplastic cell lines and fibroblasts. Metformin uptake in tumor cells was measurable by quantitative HPLC.

PLOS ONE (2021)

Article Medicine, General & Internal

Prognostic value of lactate levels and lactate clearance in sepsis and septic shock with initial hyperlactatemia A retrospective cohort study according to the Sepsis-3 definitions

Seong Geun Lee et al.

Summary: This study found that 6-hour lactate levels and lactate clearance can serve as important markers for predicting 30-day mortality in patients with sepsis and septic shock, with 6-hour lactate levels showing a higher predictive value compared to lactate clearance rates.

MEDICINE (2021)

Review Multidisciplinary Sciences

Function and regulation of the divisome for mitochondrial fission

Felix Kraus et al.

Summary: Mitochondria form dynamic networks through fusion and fission events, with fission serving as an endpoint event in signaling axis for cells to sense and respond to external cues. The fission process is coordinated by membrane-associated adaptors, influenced by organellar and cytoskeletal interactions, and executed by the GTPase DRP1. Separating the functional and regulatory aspects of the 'mitochondrial divisome' into core and accessory machinery provides a mechanistic understanding of the mitochondrial fission process.

NATURE (2021)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Metabolic support of tumour-infiltrating regulatory T cells by lactic acid

McLane J. Watson et al.

Summary: T-reg cells exhibit broad heterogeneity in glucose metabolism within normal and transformed tissues, utilizing an alternative metabolic pathway to maintain their suppressive function and proliferation. Glucose uptake is correlated with poorer suppressive function and long-term instability, while high-glucose conditions impair T-reg cell function and stability. Additionally, T-reg cells upregulate pathways involved in the metabolism of lactic acid, with lactate uptake being dispensable for peripheral T-reg cells but required intratumorally for slowed tumor growth and increased response to immunotherapy.

NATURE (2021)

Review Multidisciplinary Sciences

The spectrum of inflammatory responses

Ruslan Medzhitov

Summary: Inflammation plays a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis and structural integrity of tissues and organs in animals. Recent research has revealed a wide range of biological processes involving inflammatory control, urging for a new framework beyond its traditional roles in defense against infection and injury. New perspectives and research directions are discussed to address the current gaps in understanding inflammation biology.

SCIENCE (2021)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Screening of metabolic modulators identifies new strategies to target metabolic reprogramming in melanoma

Cecilie Abildgaard et al.

Summary: Metabolic modulation can be a potential therapeutic approach for melanoma, with two compounds enhancing the effect of the BRAF inhibitor. The combinations of these metabolic modulators led to increased production of reactive oxygen species, suggesting a role of oxidative stress in the cellular response. This study supports the use of such combination therapies in cancer treatment for metastatic melanoma patients.

SCIENTIFIC REPORTS (2021)

Article Cell Biology

Integrative structure of a 10-megadalton eukaryotic pyruvate dehydrogenase complex from native cell extracts

Fotis L. Kyrilis et al.

Summary: The study successfully identified fully assembled pyruvate dehydrogenase complex in native cell extracts and characterized its structure using multiple techniques. The findings provide a framework for further understanding the structure and function of the complex.

CELL REPORTS (2021)

Article Biology

Dichloroacetate reverses sepsis-induced hepatic metabolic dysfunction

Rabina Mainali et al.

Summary: Metabolic reprogramming occurs in the immune system during sepsis, particularly in the liver, with changes in lipid metabolism, mitochondrial energy, and redox balance. Targeting mitochondrial energy metabolism can rebalance the transcriptional and metabolic manifestations of sepsis in the liver.
Article Endocrinology & Metabolism

Insulin resistance is mechanistically linked to hepatic mitochondrial remodeling in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

Chris E. Shannon et al.

Summary: Insulin resistance and altered hepatic mitochondrial function are key features of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). This study found that insulin sensitization with pioglitazone can mitigate mitochondrial dysfunction in the liver, which is independent of changes in hepatic lipid accumulation. The research highlights potential therapeutic targets for T2D and NAFLD, emphasizing the benefits of insulin sensitization in managing obesity-related diseases.

MOLECULAR METABOLISM (2021)

Review Cell Biology

The Role of Cytokines and Chemokines in Shaping the Immune Microenvironment of Glioblastoma: Implications for Immunotherapy

Erica C. F. Yeo et al.

Summary: Glioblastoma is the most common primary brain tumor in adults, with conventional treatments showing limited improvement in patient survival over the past decade. The immunosuppressive mechanisms employed by tumor cells can hinder treatment efficacy, highlighting the importance of understanding intercellular interactions for potential immunotherapeutic targeting and better patient outcomes.
Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Glioblastomas acquire myeloid-affiliated transcriptional programs via epigenetic immunoediting to elicit immune evasion

Ester Gangoso et al.

Summary: In this study, it was found that GBM stem cells acquire the ability to evade immune clearance through epigenetic immunoediting, leading to the formation of an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. This process is not driven by genetic selection but by altering the transcriptional and epigenetic profile of GSCs after immune attack.
Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Mechanisms and disease consequences of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

Rohit Loomba et al.

Summary: NAFLD and NASH are leading chronic liver diseases worldwide, causing progressive liver injury that can lead to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. These diseases are associated with hepatic glucose and lipid metabolism, and are influenced by genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors.
Article Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Pharmacokinetic and Biochemical Profiling of Sodium Dichloroacetate in Pregnant Ewes and Fetuses

Serene Joseph et al.

Summary: The study showed that sodium dichloroacetate (DCA) can cross the placental barrier to reach the fetal circulation and reduce fetal lactate concentrations. Pharmacokinetic modeling indicated that DCA inhibits lactate production in both fetal and maternal compartments. Furthermore, DCA exposure led to decreased expression of glutathione transferase zetal in ewes and their fetuses, resulting in reduced DCA metabolism.

DRUG METABOLISM AND DISPOSITION (2021)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

REV-ERB in GABAergic neurons controls diurnal hepatic insulin sensitivity

Guolian Ding et al.

Summary: The nuclear receptors REV-ERB-alpha and REV-ERB-beta in GABAergic neurons control the diurnal rhythm of insulin-mediated suppression of hepatic glucose production, peaking at waking. This mechanism is crucial for understanding the extended dawn phenomenon in type 2 diabetes.

NATURE (2021)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Corticosterone inhibits GAS6 to govern hair follicle stem-cell quiescence

Sekyu Choi et al.

Summary: The study revealed that corticosterone regulates hair follicle stem cell (HFSC) quiescence and hair growth in mice, with chronic stress prolonging HFSC quiescence and maintaining hair follicles in an extended resting phase. The mechanism involves corticosterone suppressing the expression of Gas6 gene through acting on dermal papillae, and restoring Gas6 expression can overcome stress-induced inhibition of HFSC activation and hair growth.

NATURE (2021)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Landmarks of human embryonic development inscribed in somatic mutations

Sara Bizzotto et al.

Summary: Through high-depth whole-genome sequencing and single-cell analysis, this study reveals the process of early cell division in human embryonic development and explores the asymmetric contributions of early progenitors to the formation of different organs and tissues.

SCIENCE (2021)

Article Cell Biology

FoxO1 inhibition alleviates type 2 diabetes-related diastolic dysfunction by increasing myocardial pyruvate dehydrogenase activity

Keshav Gopal et al.

Summary: The study demonstrates that inhibition of FoxO1 improves diastolic dysfunction in diabetic cardiomyopathy by stimulating PDH activity. The interplay between FoxO1 inhibition and PDH activity plays a crucial role in improving cardiac function.

CELL REPORTS (2021)

Article Oncology

Glycolysis and Fatty Acid Oxidation Inhibition Improves Survival in Glioblastoma

Kelly J. McKelvey et al.

Summary: Study found that dual targeting of glycolytic and FAO metabolic pathways is a potential treatment approach that can improve survival rates for GBM patients, warranting further research.

FRONTIERS IN ONCOLOGY (2021)

Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Targeting pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase signaling in the development of effective cancer therapy

Saleha Anwar et al.

Summary: The metabolism of cancer cells is closely related to the inhibition of PDC, which can be targeted as an attractive strategy in anticancer therapy. Research on the PDC/PDK axis may contribute to the therapeutic management of cancer by developing potential small-molecule PDK inhibitors. In recent years, there has been increasing attention from the scientific community in targeting the PDC/PDK axis for cancer treatment.

BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-REVIEWS ON CANCER (2021)

Article Cell Biology

The requirement for pyruvate dehydrogenase in leukemogenesis depends on cell lineage

Sojeong Jun et al.

Summary: Cancer cells have metabolic similarities with normal tissues, but differences may be due to reprogramming during transformation or maintenance of specific cell type metabolism. This study compared glucose metabolism in hematopoiesis and leukemia, finding that PDH deletion affects the development of T cell leukemia but not myeloid neoplasms, emphasizing the role of PDH in maintaining normal cell metabolism in leukemia.

CELL METABOLISM (2021)

Article Cell Biology

Hyperglycemia in acute COVID-19 is characterized by insulin resistance and adipose tissue infectivity by SARS-CoV-2

Moritz Reiterer et al.

Summary: The study found that hyperglycemia is common among patients with ARDS, and in patients with both ARDS and COVID-19, insulin resistance is the main cause of hyperglycemia. COVID-19 patients have lower levels of adiponectin, and SARS-CoV-2 may infect adipocytes, leading to dysfunction of adipose tissue.

CELL METABOLISM (2021)

Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Targeting Glucose Metabolism of Cancer Cells with Dichloroacetate to Radiosensitize High-Grade Gliomas

Kristina M. Cook et al.

Summary: Radioresistance in high-grade gliomas is mainly driven by altered metabolism and hypoxia, with glucose metabolism being a key factor. Novel strategies to improve radiosensitivity include the use of metabolic drugs like dichloroacetate (DCA), which target the Warburg effect and enhance mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation to overcome radioresistance. Recent studies have shown promising results in pre-clinical and clinical settings, suggesting DCA could be an effective radiosensitizer for HGG patients.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES (2021)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Metformin and Dichloroacetate Suppress Proliferation of Liver Cancer Cells by Inhibiting mTOR Complex 1

Tae Suk Kim et al.

Summary: This study demonstrates the anticancer effects of the combination treatment of metformin and DCA on liver cancer cells, including induction of apoptosis, inhibition of mTOR complex I signaling through upregulated AMPK-independent pathway, and increased reactive oxygen species levels in cancer cells. Moreover, the combination treatment did not affect the viability of normal hepatocytes, suggesting its broad applicability.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES (2021)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Obesity accelerates hair thinning by stem cell-centric converging mechanisms

Hironobu Morinaga et al.

Summary: Obesity-induced stress accelerates hair thinning by targeting HFSCs, suppressing stem cell inflammatory signals and inhibiting organ regeneration signals.

NATURE (2021)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

A Warburg-like metabolic program coordinates Wnt, AMPK, and mTOR signaling pathways in epileptogenesis

Roaya S. Alqurashi et al.

Summary: This study identified a transient program of molecular and metabolic signaling in the early epileptogenic period, with a focus on Wnt signaling, metabolic reprogramming, and mTOR activation. The newly discovered molecular mechanism may provide insights for refining therapeutic strategies and attenuating recurrent seizures in epilepsy.

PLOS ONE (2021)

Article Virology

Metabolic shifts modulate lung injury caused by infection with H1N1 influenza A virus

Katherine E. Nolan et al.

Summary: This study found that inhibiting glycolysis worsens outcomes of influenza infection, while promoting TCA cycle flux and inhibiting OXPHOS can mitigate the effects of the virus. These findings suggest that a shift to glycolysis may be host-protective in influenza.

VIROLOGY (2021)

Article Cell Biology

Sirtuin 3 regulates mitochondrial protein acetylation and metabolism in tubular epithelial cells during renal fibrosis

Yu Zhang et al.

Summary: Proximal tubular epithelial cells (TECs) require high energy and rely on mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation as their main energy source. However, in renal fibrosis, this process is disrupted. Sirtuin 3 (SIRT3), a mitochondrial protein, regulates mitochondrial metabolic function through deacetylation. Decreased SIRT3 expression in TECs during early renal fibrosis leads to increased acetylation in mitochondria, contributing to the development of severe renal fibrosis.Activation of SIRT3 can prevent renal fibrosis by reducing acetylation levels in mitochondrial proteins.

CELL DEATH & DISEASE (2021)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Lactate and IL6 define separable paths of inflammatory metabolic adaptation

Stefanie Dichtl et al.

Summary: Lactate, a product of Warburg-type metabolism in inflammatory macrophages, has been shown to modify histones and promote gene expression related to tissue repair. The presence of IL6 and Arg1 is correlated with Kla, suggesting a metabolic rewiring in macrophages under inflammatory stress.

SCIENCE ADVANCES (2021)

Article Oncology

Non-Canonical Role of PDK1 as a Negative Regulator of Apoptosis through Macromolecular Complexes Assembly at the ER-Mitochondria Interface in Oncogene-Driven NSCLC

Viviana De Rosa et al.

Summary: The downregulation of PDK1 enhances cancer cell respiration and promotes apoptosis, making tumors more susceptible to tyrosine kinase inhibitors. PDK1 also drives the formation of macromolecular complexes at the ER-mitochondria interface, indirectly anchoring anti-apoptotic proteins to the mitochondrial membrane.

CANCERS (2021)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Kinase Protects Dopaminergic Neurons from Oxidative Stress in Drosophila DJ-1 Null Mutants

Yoonjeong Lee et al.

Summary: DJ-1 is a causative gene of early-onset familial Parkinson's disease (PD), and it influences the pathogenesis of sporadic PD by affecting reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. PDK and PDP have been shown to play critical roles in protecting against oxidative stress by regulating glucose metabolism in the mitochondria, which is a major source of intracellular ROS.

MOLECULES AND CELLS (2021)

Review Endocrinology & Metabolism

The metabolic roots of senescence: mechanisms and opportunities for intervention

Christopher D. Wiley et al.

Summary: Cellular senescence involves a permanent proliferative arrest and the release of biologically active molecules known as SASP. Studies show that senescence and SASP are sensitive to metabolic states, potentially driving phenotypes associated with metabolic dysfunction. Effective interventions may disrupt the feedback loop in which cellular senescence promotes metabolic diseases.

NATURE METABOLISM (2021)

Article Oncology

LncRNA MEG3 promotes endoplasmic reticulum stress and suppresses proliferation and invasion of colorectal carcinoma cells through the MEG3/miR-103a-3p/PDHB ceRNA pathway

Guoqin Wang et al.

Summary: MEG3 functions as a suppressor in colorectal carcinoma by inhibiting malignancy and proliferation of cancer cells, inducing ER stress, and suppressing invasion; miR-103a-3p is a target of MEG3 and is also involved in targeting PDHB; the ceRNA pathway involving MEG3 may represent a novel mechanism in regulating colorectal carcinoma.

NEOPLASMA (2021)

Review Chemistry, Medicinal

Pyruvate Dehydrogenase as a Therapeutic Target for Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Christina T. Saed et al.

Summary: Excess caloric intake and a sedentary lifestyle in the general population have increased the prevalence of obesity and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). NAFLD poses risks such as insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease, with proposed multifactorial mechanisms including inflammation, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Recent studies suggest that mitochondrial dysfunction in NAFLD may impair glucose oxidation, contributing to hepatic steatosis and glucose metabolism abnormalities.

ACS PHARMACOLOGY & TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE (2021)

Article Physiology

Reprogramming of aerobic glycolysis in non-transformed mouse liver with pyruvate dehydrogenase complex deficiency

Mulchand S. Patel et al.

Summary: The study reveals significant changes in gene expression of key enzymes in the liver of PDC-deficient mice, showing characteristics of aerobic glycolysis. The mechanism(s) responsible for these changes appears distinct from that which induces the Warburg effect in some cancer cells.

PHYSIOLOGICAL REPORTS (2021)

Article Environmental Sciences

Dichloroacetate attenuates the stemness of colorectal cancer cells via trigerring ferroptosis through sequestering iron in lysosomes

Jie Sun et al.

Summary: The study demonstrated that dichloroacetate (DCA) could reduce colorectal cancer cell stemness in a dose-dependent manner, and trigger ferroptosis in colorectal cancer stem cells, suggesting its potential as a therapeutic approach for targeting colorectal cancer stem cells.

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY (2021)

Review Immunology

Lactate modulation of immune responses in inflammatory versus tumour microenvironments

Michelangelo Certo et al.

Summary: The microenvironments of cancerous tissues and tissues affected by chronic inflammatory diseases exhibit different immune states but similar metabolic states. Understanding the metabolic signature allows for therapeutic intervention to reset metabolite availability and correct dysregulated immune states.

NATURE REVIEWS IMMUNOLOGY (2021)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

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