Musical Training Facilitates Exogenous Temporal Attention via Delta Phase Entrainment within a Sensorimotor Network

Temporal orienting of attention plays an important role in our day-to-day lives and can use timing information from exogenous or endogenous sources. Yet, it is unclear what neural mechanisms give rise to temporal attention, and it is debated whether both exoge-nous and endogenous forms of temporal attention share a common neural source. Here, older adult nonmusicians (N= 47, 24 female) were randomized to undergo 8 weeks of either rhythm training, which places demands on exogenous temporal attention, or word search training as a control. The goal was to assess (1) the neural basis of exogenous temporal attention and (2) whether training -induced improvements in exogenous temporal attention can transfer to enhanced endogenous temporal attention abilities, thereby providing support for a common neural mechanism of temporal attention. Before and after training, exogenous temporal attention was assessed using a rhythmic synchronization paradigm, whereas endogenous temporal attention was evaluated via a temporally cued visual discrimination task. Results showed that rhythm training improved performance on the exogenous temporal attention task, which was associated with increased intertrial coherence within the d (1-4 Hz) band as assessed by EEG recordings. Source local-ization revealed increased d-band intertrial coherence arose from a sensorimotor network, including premotor cortex, anterior cingu-late cortex, postcentral gyrus, and the inferior parietal lobule. Despite these improvements in exogenous temporal attention, such benefits were not transferred to endogenous attentional ability. These results support the notion that exogenous and endogenous tem-poral attention uses independent neural sources, with exogenous temporal attention relying on the precise timing of d band oscilla-tions within a sensorimotor network.Significance StatementAllocating attention to specific points in time is known as temporal attention, and may arise from external (exogenous) or internal (endogenous) sources. Despite its importance to our daily lives, it is unclear how the brain gives rise to temporal attention and whether exogenous-or endogenous-based sources for temporal attention rely on shared brain regions. Here, we demonstrate that musical rhythm training improves exogenous temporal attention, which was associated with more consistent timing of neural activ-ity in sensory and motor processing brain regions. However, these benefits did not extend to endogenous temporal attention, indi-cating that temporal attention relies on different brain regions depending on the source of timing information.

Automated summary

This study investigates the neural mechanisms underlying temporal attention and whether exogenous and endogenous forms of temporal attention share common neural sources. The results show that rhythm training improves exogenous temporal attention, but does not transfer to endogenous temporal attention abilities, suggesting that different brain regions are involved in these two forms of temporal attention.