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Monkeypox (Mpox) outbreak during COVID-19 pandemic-Past and the future

JOURNAL OF MEDICAL VIROLOGY (2023)

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Article Virology

Re-emerging human monkeypox: A major public-health debacle

Shailendra K. Saxena et al.

Summary: A multicountry outbreak of monkeypox virus has led to 250 confirmed human cases globally. Monkeypox, caused by the Monkeypox virus, is transmitted through direct contact with infected individuals, animals, or contaminated materials. It is a self-limiting infection, with symptoms lasting 2-4 weeks and a case fatality ratio of 3%-6%. Complications may include pneumonitis, encephalitis, keratitis, and bacterial infections. Antiviral treatment and vaccines developed for smallpox also show efficacy against monkeypox.

JOURNAL OF MEDICAL VIROLOGY (2023)

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Article Virology

Clinical presentation, viral kinetics, and management of human monkeypox cases from New Delhi, India 2022

Vineet Relhan et al.

Summary: This study describes the clinical and demographic characteristics of five confirmed cases of monkeypox in New Delhi, India, without international travel history. The study examines the viral load and clearance kinetics in various samples and highlights the underdiagnosed monkeypox infection in the community. The findings emphasize the importance of active surveillance in high-risk populations.

JOURNAL OF MEDICAL VIROLOGY (2023)

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Article Immunology

Exportation of Monkeypox Virus From the African Continent

Matthew R. Mauldin et al.

Summary: There is no direct linkage between the individuals who exported the monkeypox cases from Nigeria, but there is limited genetic variation among the viruses, suggesting a possible common source or independent infections within a small geographic area.

JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2022)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Purifying Selection Determines the Short-Term Time Dependency of Evolutionary Rates in SARS-CoV-2 and pH1N1 Influenza

Mahan Ghafari et al.

Summary: High-throughput sequencing allows rapid genome sequencing during outbreaks, providing insight into pathogen evolution dynamics. Evolutionary analyses over short timescales are challenging due to the time-dependent nature of evolutionary rate estimates. The study on SARS-CoV-2 and pH1N1 influenza found that inferred evolutionary parameters decline over time, with growth rates and emergence dates stable after 4 months. Terminal branches exhibit elevated substitution rates, correlated with purifying selection generating time dependency in evolutionary parameters.

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND EVOLUTION (2022)

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Article Tropical Medicine

The changing epidemiology of human monkeypox—A potential threat? A systematic review

Eveline M. Bunge et al.

PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases (2022)

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Article Infectious Diseases

Increased outbreaks of monkeypox highlight gaps in actual disease burden in Sub-Saharan Africa and in animal reservoirs

Najmul Haider et al.

Summary: The study discusses the research gaps in the epidemiology of Monkeypox virus (MPX) in endemic countries and proposes hypotheses for the recent increase in MPX cases in West Africa, suggesting a possible explanation for the ongoing epidemic in Europe, America, and Australia. The authors highlight the epidemic potential of MPX in humans and emphasize the need for a better understanding of the burden of MPX in West and Central Africa, as well as the unknown diversity and extent of the animal reservoir. They hypothesize that increased human-rodent interactions and a larger immune-naive population may have contributed to the recent surge in MPX cases. The study emphasizes the importance of national, regional, and international collaborations to address the research gaps related to MPX outbreaks.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2022)

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Editorial Material Virology

Monkeypox: A potential global threat?

Zhilong Yang

JOURNAL OF MEDICAL VIROLOGY (2022)

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Article Infectious Diseases

Clinical features and management of human monkeypox: a retrospective observational study in the UK

Hugh Adler et al.

Summary: This study retrospectively observed the clinical course of monkeypox in seven patients in the UK from 2018 to 2021. The study found that prolonged PCR positivity led to isolation of five patients for more than 3 weeks. Three patients treated with brincidofovir developed elevated liver enzymes, leading to termination of the therapy. One patient treated with tecovirimat experienced no adverse effects and had a shorter duration of viral shedding and illness compared to the other six patients.

LANCET INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2022)

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News Item Multidisciplinary Sciences

MONKEYPOX GOES GLOBAL: WHY SCIENTISTS ARE ON ALERT

Max Kozlov

NATURE (2022)

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Article Infectious Diseases

Monkeypox outbreak predominantly affecting men who have sex with men, Madrid, Spain, 26 April to 16 June 2022

Jesús Iñigo Martínez et al.

Eurosurveillance (2022)

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Article Infectious Diseases

Estimated incubation period for monkeypox cases confirmed in the Netherlands, May 2022

Fuminari Miura et al.

Summary: Based on 18 confirmed monkeypox cases in the Netherlands, the average incubation period was found to be 8.5 days, supporting the recommendation to monitor or isolate/quarantine case contacts for 21 days. Further epidemiological investigations are needed to confirm potential differences in the incubation period between different transmission routes.

EUROSURVEILLANCE (2022)

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Review Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine

The Monkeypox Outbreak and Implications for Dental Practice

Lakshman Samaranayake et al.

Summary: Monkeypox is a contagious disease caused by the Monkeypox virus, primarily confined to African regions but recently appearing in multiple countries. This article reviews the features of Monkeypox and its potential impact on dentistry.

INTERNATIONAL DENTAL JOURNAL (2022)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Monkeypox: A New Threat?

Dorota Kmiec et al.

Summary: The global smallpox vaccination programme successfully eliminated the virus, but the halted vaccination and increasing susceptibility have led to the spread of monkeypox virus. Monkeypox virus, a close relative of smallpox virus, can be cross-protected by smallpox vaccines. However, over 70% of people have never been vaccinated against smallpox. Monkeypox symptoms include fever, headache, muscle ache, and characteristic rash, with lower fatality rates compared to smallpox. Monkeypox virus is endemic in sub-Saharan Africa and spreads through exotic animal trade and international travel.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES (2022)

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Editorial Material Medicine, General & Internal

The WHO Declaration of Monkeypox as a Global Public Health Emergency

Jennifer B. Nuzzo et al.

Summary: This article examines the ongoing monkeypox outbreak and the recent decision by the director-general of the World Health Organization to declare it a Public Health Emergency of International Concern.

JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION (2022)

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Review Immunology

Monkeypox: An emerging global threat during the COVID-19 pandemic

Chih-Cheng Lai et al.

Summary: The emergence of monkeypox outbreak in early 2022 has resulted in 9069 laboratory-confirmed cases, primarily from non-endemic countries. The virus transmission includes human-to-human contact, with unclear evidence of spread through sexual contact.

JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY IMMUNOLOGY AND INFECTION (2022)

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Letter Public, Environmental & Occupational Health

Monkeypox virus containment: the application of ring vaccination and possible challenges

Ranjit Sah et al.

Summary: Due to the potential pandemic of monkeypox, the application of ring vaccination is valuable in breaking the transmission chain and preventing the occurrence of this severe disease. Overcoming accompanying challenges is necessary to properly contain the disease before it is declared as a pandemic.

JOURNAL OF TRAVEL MEDICINE (2022)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Clinical presentation and virological assessment of confirmed human monkeypox virus cases in Spain: a prospective observational cohort study

Eloy Jose Tarin-Vicente et al.

Summary: This study investigated the clinical and virological characteristics of cases of human monkeypox in Spain. The findings showed that monkeypox caused genital, perianal, and oral lesions and complications including proctitis and tonsillitis. Lesion swabs showed the highest viral loads, suggesting close contact as the dominant transmission route in the current outbreak.

LANCET (2022)

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Editorial Material Infectious Diseases

Monkeypox virus isolation from a semen sample collected in the early phase of infection in a patient with prolonged seminal viral shedding

Daniele Lapa et al.

LANCET INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2022)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Monkeypox vaccination begins — can the global outbreaks be contained?

Max Kozlov

NATURE (2022)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Phylogenomic characterization and signs of microevolution in the 2022 multi-country outbreak of monkeypox virus

Joana Isidro et al.

Summary: In this study, shotgun metagenomics were used to rapidly reconstruct and characterize the genome sequences of the largest monkeypox virus outbreak in non-endemic countries so far. The findings indicate that the outbreak most likely has a single origin and that the virus belongs to clade 3. Furthermore, the study suggests the involvement of host APOBEC3 in viral evolution and reveals signs of ongoing microevolution in the virus.

NATURE MEDICINE (2022)

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Editorial Material Microbiology

Monkeypox virus: a neglected zoonotic pathogen spreads globally

Emmanuel F. Alakunle et al.

Summary: The monkeypox outbreak in non-endemic countries is likely due to the failure to control the spread of the disease in Africa over the years. A globally coordinated integrated health approach is crucial for controlling current and future outbreaks.

NATURE REVIEWS MICROBIOLOGY (2022)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Monkeypox Virus Infection in Humans across 16 Countries - April-June 2022

John P. Thornhill et al.

Summary: This report describes 528 cases of monkeypox in 16 countries. Common clinical findings include rash, mucosal lesions, fever, lethargy, and lymphadenopathy. Few patients required hospitalization.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2022)

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Letter Veterinary Sciences

Is monkeypox another reemerging viral zoonosis with many animal hosts yet to be defined?

D. Katterine Bonilla-Aldana et al.

VETERINARY QUARTERLY (2022)

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Article Virology

Travel-Related Monkeypox Outbreaks in the Era of COVID-19 Pandemic: Are We Prepared?

Oyelola A. Adegboye et al.

Summary: Several neglected infectious pathogens, including monkeypox virus (MPXV), have resurfaced in recent decades, posing a global health burden. Despite the availability of an early-stage vaccine against MPXV infection, there has been a continued rise in travel-related outbreaks worldwide. As of May 31, 2022, there have been 472 confirmed cases reported in 27 countries, marking the highest number of cases recorded outside Africa since the disease was first discovered in the early 1970s.

VIRUSES-BASEL (2022)

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Review Immunology

Monkeypox virus emerges from the shadow of its more infamous cousin: family biology matters

Yan Xiang et al.

Summary: Monkeypox virus is a closely related virus to smallpox virus, causing a milder febrile rash illness in humans. While it used to be a rare zoonotic disease confined to forested areas in West and Central Africa, the number of cases and geographical range have significantly increased in recent years. The outbreak of monkeypox since May 2022 in multiple countries, with a large number of cases and no direct links to endemic areas, raises concerns about a possible change in transmission pattern and a greater global threat. This review highlights recent progress in understanding the virus host range, evolutionary potential, and neutralization targets for risk assessment and preparedness for a monkeypox epidemic.

EMERGING MICROBES & INFECTIONS (2022)

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Article Public, Environmental & Occupational Health

Monkeypox Outbreak — Nine States, May 2022

Faisal S. Minhaj et al.

MMWR-MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY WEEKLY REPORT (2022)

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Editorial Material Medicine, General & Internal

Rise of monkeypox: Lessons from COVID-19 pandemic to mitigate global health crises

Farah Ennab et al.

ANNALS OF MEDICINE AND SURGERY (2022)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Monkeypox emergency: Urgent questions and perspectives

Stefan Rothenburg et al.

CELL (2022)

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Article Public, Environmental & Occupational Health

Phylogenomic analysis of the monkeypox virus (MPXV) 2022 outbreak: Emergence of a novel viral lineage?

Nicolas Luna et al.

Summary: Since May 13, 2022, there has been an increasing number of suspected and confirmed cases of monkeypox reported in non-endemic regions worldwide. Analysis of the virus genomes revealed three distinct clades, including a newly emerging clade from the 2022 outbreak. The surge in cases and widespread geographical spread suggest multiple factors driving the current outbreak dynamics.

TRAVEL MEDICINE AND INFECTIOUS DISEASE (2022)

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Editorial Material Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Urgent need for a non-discriminatory and non-stigmatizing nomenclature for monkeypox virus

Christian Happi et al.

Summary: We propose a novel and non-discriminatory classification method for monkeypox virus diversity. Collaborating with the World Health Organization, we named three clades (I, IIa, and IIb) in the order of detection. Within IIb, which is responsible for the ongoing global outbreak, we identified multiple lineages (A.1, A.2, A.1.1, and B.1) to support real-time genomic surveillance.

PLOS BIOLOGY (2022)

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Article Public, Environmental & Occupational Health

A Tale of Two Viruses: Coinfections of Monkeypox and Varicella Zoster Virus in the Democratic Republic of Congo

Christine M. Hughes et al.

Summary: Recent enhanced monkeypox surveillance in the Democratic Republic of Congo has identified cases of monkeypox and varicella zoster virus coinfections. Coinfections were more likely to exhibit symptoms compared to cases with VZV alone, but less severe compared to cases with MPX alone. This study highlights the importance of ongoing surveillance to assess variations in coinfected cases over time.

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE (2021)

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Editorial Material Public, Environmental & Occupational Health

Concerns about influenza H5N8 outbreaks in humans and birds: Facing the next airborne pandemic?

J. Alfonso Rodriguez-Morales et al.

TRAVEL MEDICINE AND INFECTIOUS DISEASE (2021)

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Article Veterinary Sciences

Emerging novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV)-current scenario, evolutionary perspective based on genome analysis and recent developments

Yashpal Singh Malik et al.

VETERINARY QUARTERLY (2020)

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Article Immunology

Human monkeypox - After 40 years, an unintended consequence of smallpox eradication

Karl Simpson et al.

VACCINE (2020)

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Article Virology

Comparison of Multiplexed Immunofluorescence Imaging to Chromogenic Immunohistochemistry of Skin Biomarkers in Response to Monkeypox Virus Infection

Anup Sood et al.

VIRUSES-BASEL (2020)

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Review Public, Environmental & Occupational Health

SARS-CoV-2 jumping the species barrier: Zoonotic lessons from SARS, MERS and recent advances to combat this pandemic virus

Kuldeep Dhama et al.

TRAVEL MEDICINE AND INFECTIOUS DISEASE (2020)

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Meeting Abstract Infectious Diseases

MVA-BN as monkeypox vaccine for healthy and immunocompromised

E. T. Overton et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2020)

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Article Infectious Diseases

Outbreak of human monkeypox in Nigeria in 2017-18: a clinical and epidemiological report

Adesola Yinka-Ogunleye et al.

LANCET INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2019)

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Review Infectious Diseases

A systematic review of the epidemiology of human monkeypox outbreaks and implications for outbreak strategy

Ellen M. Beer et al.

PLOS NEGLECTED TROPICAL DISEASES (2019)

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Article Public, Environmental & Occupational Health

Emergence of Monkeypox - West and Central Africa, 1970-2017

Kara N. Durski et al.

MMWR-MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY WEEKLY REPORT (2018)

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Review Public, Environmental & Occupational Health

Emergence of Monkeypox as the Most Important Orthopoxvirus Infection in Humans

Nikola Sklenovska et al.

FRONTIERS IN PUBLIC HEALTH (2018)

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Article Public, Environmental & Occupational Health

Evaluation of the GeneXpert for Human Monkeypox Diagnosis

Daniel Li et al.

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE (2017)

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Editorial Material Immunology

Toward Understanding the Outcomes of Monkeypox Infection in Human Pregnancy

Neville K. Kisalu et al.

JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2017)

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Article Immunology

Maternal and Fetal Outcomes Among Pregnant Women With Human Monkeypox Infection in the Democratic Republic of Congo

Placide K. Mbala et al.

JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2017)

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Review Virology

Improving the Care and Treatment of Monkeypox Patients in Low-Resource Settings: Applying Evidence from Contemporary Biomedical and Smallpox Biodefense Research

Mary G. Reynolds et al.

VIRUSES-BASEL (2017)

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Article Infectious Diseases

Enhancing case definitions for surveillance of human monkeypox in the Democratic Republic of Congo

Lynda Osadebe et al.

PLOS NEGLECTED TROPICAL DISEASES (2017)

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Article Infectious Diseases

Characterization of Monkeypox virus infection in African rope squirrels (Funisciurus sp.)

Elizabeth A. Falendysz et al.

PLOS NEGLECTED TROPICAL DISEASES (2017)

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Article Immunology

Extended Human-to-Human Transmission during a Monkeypox Outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

Leisha Diane Nolen et al.

EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2016)

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Article Immunology

Genomic Variability of Monkeypox Virus among Humans, Democratic Republic of the Congo

Jeffrey R. Kugelman et al.

EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2014)

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Review Virology

A review of experimental and natural infections of animals with monkeypox virus between 1958 and 2012

Scott Parker et al.

FUTURE VIROLOGY (2013)

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Article Pathology

Comparative Pathology of Smallpox and Monkeypox in Man and Macaques

J. A. Cann et al.

JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE PATHOLOGY (2013)

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Article Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

Unintentional transfer of vaccinia virus associated with smallpox vaccines ACAM2000® compared with Dryvax®

Danielle M. Tack et al.

HUMAN VACCINES & IMMUNOTHERAPEUTICS (2013)

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Article Biochemical Research Methods

Systems Kinomics Demonstrates Congo Basin Monkeypox Virus Infection Selectively Modulates Host Cell Signaling Responses as Compared to West African Monkeypox Virus

Jason Kindrachuk et al.

MOLECULAR & CELLULAR PROTEOMICS (2012)

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Article Immunology

Status of human monkeypox: clinical disease, epidemiology and research

Inger K. Damon

VACCINE (2011)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Major increase in human monkeypox incidence 30 years after smallpox vaccination campaigns cease in the Democratic Republic of Congo

Anne W. Rimoin et al.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (2010)

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Article Virology

Orthopoxvirus Genome Evolution: The Role of Gene Loss

Robert Curtis Hendrickson et al.

VIRUSES-BASEL (2010)

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Article Immunology

Human Monkeypox Outbreak Caused by Novel Virus Belonging to Congo Basin Clade, Sudan, 2005

Pierre Formenty et al.

EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2010)

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Article Immunology

Transmission of Atypical Varicella-Zoster Virus Infections Involving Palm and Sole Manifestations in an Area with Monkeypox Endemicity

Adam MacNeil et al.

CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2009)

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Review Immunology

Monkeypox virus and insights into its immunomodulatory proteins

Jessica R. Weaver et al.

IMMUNOLOGICAL REVIEWS (2008)

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Article Virology

Detection of monkeypox virus with real-time PCR assays

Yu Li et al.

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL VIROLOGY (2006)

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Article Dermatology

The history of smallpox

AM Geddes

CLINICS IN DERMATOLOGY (2006)

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Article Immunology

Clinical characteristics of human monkeypox, and risk factors for severe disease

GD Huhn et al.

CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2005)

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Article Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

A tale of two clades: monkeypox viruses

AM Likos et al.

JOURNAL OF GENERAL VIROLOGY (2005)

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Article Public, Environmental & Occupational Health

Extended interhuman transmission of monkeypox in a hospital community in the Republic of the Congo, 2003

LA Learned et al.

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE (2005)

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Article Dermatology

Monkeypox virus: histologic, immunohistochemical and electron-microscopic findings

IB Bayer-Garner

JOURNAL OF CUTANEOUS PATHOLOGY (2005)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Immunogenicity of a highly attenuated MVA smallpox vaccine and protection against monkeypox

PL Earl et al.

NATURE (2004)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

The detection of monkeypox in humans in the Western Hemisphere

KD Reed et al.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2004)

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