Macroscopically heterogeneous grain boundary diffusion process for efficient coercivity enhancement of Nd-Fe-B magnets

Grain boundary diffusion (GBD) is an effective process to enhance coercivity for Nd-Fe-B magnets with relatively low consumption of expensive heavy rare earths (HREs). For conventional GBD, the surface of the magnet is evenly covered by diffusion source, followed by diffusion heat treatment. In this work, a macroscopically heterogeneous GBD (MHGBD) process is proposed in order to further reduce the use of HRE resource. Based on the micromagnetic simulations, magnetically strengthening the edge area of the magnet is more effective than strengthening the center area in terms of coercivity enhancement for whole magnet. Hence, the HRE-based diffusion source was used for enhancing the edge area and the light rare-earth-based source was used for the center area. In details, Tb70Al20Cu10 and Pr70Al20Cu10 diffusion sources were covered at the edge and center areas of the two c-planes of a sintered Nd-Fe-B magnet, respectively. After the MHGBD by using Tb70Al20Cu10/Pr70Al20Cu10 (1:1, at.%), the magnet exhibits the increased coercivity from 1182 to 1911 kA/m. For comparison, the homogeneous diffusion of HRE-based Tb70Al20Cu10 source only enhances the coercivity to 1798 kA/m. The microstructure characterizations indicated that diffusion source of Tb70Al20Cu10 can form Tb-rich shells with high anisotropy field on the surface of Nd2Fe14B grains, and Pr70Al20Cu10 can provide more liquid grain boundary phase for GBD. The synergistic effect between these two sources improves the infiltration of Tb at the edge area of the magnet. Compared with the homogeneous Tb70Al20Cu10 diffusion, MHGBD process can not only exhibit higher diffusion efficiency, but also enhance the performance/cost ratio of the diffused magnets, evident by the increased coercivity enhancement per unit source from 0.23 to 0.51 kA m(-1)/($/kg).

Automated summary

Grain boundary diffusion (GBD) is an effective method to enhance the coercivity of Nd-Fe-B magnets with lower consumption of heavy rare earths (HREs). This study proposes a macroscopically heterogeneous GBD (MHGBD) process to further reduce the use of HRE resources. The MHGBD process strengthens the edge area using HRE-based diffusion source and the center area using light rare-earth-based diffusion source. The results show that the MHGBD process significantly increases the coercivity from 1182 to 1911 kA/m.