4.7 Editorial Material

Understanding wind farm power densities

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Summary: In this study, the aerodynamic performance of wind farms is investigated using large-eddy simulations and the two-scale momentum theory. The power produced by infinitely large farms is found to be strongly influenced by array density, while finite-sized farms also depend on turbine layout. A new method is proposed to quantify turbine-scale losses and farm-scale losses, and it is discovered that farm-scale losses are typically more than twice as large as turbine-scale losses in large offshore wind farms.

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Summary: This study proposes a new analytical model for wind farms in naturally occurring atmospheric conditions. The model takes into account various factors that affect the performance of wind farms and is developed based on physical insight. The study finds that the performance of wind farms is influenced by atmospheric stratification and the Coriolis force. Additionally, the model reveals that the optimal performance of wind farms requires a lower thrust coefficient than the Betz limit.

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Atmospheric pressure gradients and Coriolis forces provide geophysical limits to power density of large wind farms

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Summary: This study examines the relationship between the power density of large-scale wind farms and atmospheric pressure gradients and latitude-dependent Coriolis parameters through numerical simulations and analytic expressions. The results suggest that higher pressure gradients and lower Coriolis parameters lead to higher energy availability and, consequently, higher potential power density.

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The area localized coupled model for analytical mean flow prediction in arbitrary wind farm geometries

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Summary: This work introduces the Area Localized Coupled (ALC) model, which extends the applicability of approaches that couple classical wake superposition models and atmospheric boundary layer models to wind farms with arbitrary layouts. The ALC model uses Voronoi tessellation to define local areas around each turbine and successfully predicts wind farm power output and local turbine hub-height velocity for different wind farm geometries through a top-down description of an developing internal boundary layer and coupling between velocity at hub height and a wake model.

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Blockage effects in wind farms

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