Ubiquitin negatively regulates ABA responses by inhibiting SnRK2.2 and SnRK2.3 kinase activity in Arabidopsis

Ubiquitin directly binds to the plant kinases SnRK2.2 and SnRK2.3 and regulates their activity in response to abscisic acid to fine-tune environmental responses, revealing a previously unknown role for ubiquitin. Abscisic acid (ABA) is an essential phytohormone for plant responses to complex and variable environmental conditions. The molecular basis of the ABA signaling pathway has been well elucidated. SnRK2.2 and SnRK2.3 are key protein kinases participating in ABA responses, and the regulation of their activity plays an important role in signaling. Previous mass spectroscopy analysis of SnRK2.3 suggested that ubiquitin and homologous proteins may bind directly to the kinase. Ubiquitin typically recruits E3 ubiquitin ligase complexes to target proteins, marking them for degradation by the 26S proteasome. Here, we show that SnRK2.2 and SnRK2.3 interact with ubiquitin but are not covalently attached to the protein, resulting in the suppression of their kinase activity. The binding between SnRK2.2, SnRK2.3, and ubiquitin is weakened under prolonged ABA treatment. Overexpression of ubiquitin positively regulated the growth of seedlings exposed to ABA. Our results thus demonstrate a novel function for ubiquitin, which negatively regulates ABA responses by directly inhibiting SnRK2.2 and SnRK2.3 kinase activity.

Automated summary

Ubiquitin directly binds to plant kinases SnRK2.2 and SnRK2.3 and regulates their activity in response to abscisic acid, revealing a previously unknown role for ubiquitin. This study provides important insights into the molecular basis of plant responses to complex environmental conditions.