Pump the brakes! The hindlimbs of three-toed sloths decelerate and support suspensory locomotion

Modern tree sloths are one of few mammalian taxa for which quadrupedal suspension is obligatory. Sloth limb musculature is specialized for slow velocity, large force contractions that stabilize their body below branches and conserve energy during locomotion. However, it is unknown whether two- and three-toed sloths converge in their use of limb kinetics and if these patterns are comparable to how primates perform arboreal suspensory locomotion. This study addressed this need by collecting limb loading data in three-toed performed locomotor trials at their preferred speed on an instrumented beam apparatus with a force platform as the central supporting segment. Peak forces and impulses of the forelimb and hindlimb were recorded and analyzed in three dimensions. The hindlimbs of B. variegatus apply large braking forces greater in magnitude than peak forces generated by the forelimbs in propulsion, a pattern consistent with that observed in two-toed sloths. However, B. variegatus exhibits hindlimb-biased body weight support in vertical peak forces and impulse, with appreciable laterally directed forces in each limb pair, both of which vary from limb loading distributions in pairs is opposite to that employed by primates during quadrupedal suspension. Thus, there appear to be multiple strategies for achieving suspensory locomotion in arboreal mammals. These differences may be attributable to anatomical variation or phylogenetic position, but as of yet an explanation remains unknown. Future EMG analyses are expected to provide insight into how specific hindlimb muscle groups contribute to braking forces and stabilizing the center of mass of sloths during suspension.

Automated summary

Modern tree sloths are specialized in quadrupedal suspension, with limb musculature designed for slow velocity, large force contractions. This study aimed to determine if two- and three-toed sloths share similar limb kinetics during arboreal suspensory locomotion. The findings revealed that hindlimbs in both species apply large braking forces, consistent with their propulsion patterns. However, two-toed sloths exhibit different limb loading distributions compared to primates, suggesting multiple strategies for suspensory locomotion in arboreal mammals.