A path to precision cosmology: synergy between four promising late-universe cosmological probes

In the next decades, it is necessary to forge new late-universe cosmological probes to precisely measure the Hubble constant and the equation of state of dark energy simulta-neously. In this work, we show that the four novel late-universe cosmological probes, 21 cm intensity mapping (IM), fast radio burst (FRB), gravitational wave (GW) standard siren, and strong gravitational lensing (SGL), are expected to be forged into useful tools in solv-ing the Hubble tension and exploring dark energy. We propose that the synergy of them is rather important in cosmology. We simulate the 21 cm IM, FRB, GW, and SGL data based on the hypothetical observations of the Hydrogen Intensity and Real-time Analysis eXperi-ment, the Square Kilometre Array, the Einstein Telescope, and the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope, respectively. We find that the four probes have different parameter dependencies in cosmological constraints, so any combination of them can break the degeneracies and thus significantly improve the constraint precision. The joint 21 cm IM+FRB+GW+SGL data can provide the constraint errors of & sigma;(Qm) = 0.0022 and & sigma;(H0) = 0.16 km s-1 Mpc-1 in the ACDM model, which meet the standard of precision cosmology, i.e., the constraint precision of parameters is better than 1%. In addition, the joint data give & sigma;(w) = 0.020 in the wCDM model, and & sigma;(w0) = 0.066 and & sigma;(wa) = 0.25 in the w0waCDM model, which are better than the constraints obtained by the CMB+BAO+SN data. We show that the synergy between the four late-universe cosmological probes has magnificent prospects.

Automated summary

In the next decades, it is necessary to develop new cosmological probes to accurately measure the Hubble constant and the equation of state of dark energy. This study shows that 21 cm intensity mapping, fast radio burst, gravitational wave standard siren, and strong gravitational lensing can be useful tools in solving the Hubble tension and exploring dark energy. The synergy between these four probes has great prospects.