Epidemiology and Causes of Primary Adrenal Insufficiency in Children: A Population-Based Study

Context Incidence and causes of primary adrenal insufficiency (PAI) have not been comprehensively studied in children. Objective Our objective was to describe the epidemiology and to assess causes of PAI in Finnish children. Methods A population-based descriptive study of PAI in Finnish patients aged 0-20 years. Diagnoses referring to adrenal insufficiency in children born in 1996-2016 were collected from the Finnish National Care Register for Health Care. Patients with PAI were identified by studying patient records. Incidence rates were calculated in relation to person-years in the Finnish population of same age. Results Of the 97 patients with PAI, 36% were female. The incidence of PAI was highest during the first year of life (in females 2.7 and in males 4.0/100 000 person-years). At 1-15 years of age, the incidence of PAI in females was 0.3/100 000 and in males 0.6/100 000 person-years. Cumulative incidence was 10/100 000 persons at age of 15 years and 13/100 000 at 20 years. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia was the cause in 57% of all patients and in 88% of patients diagnosed before age of 1 year. Other causes among the 97 patients included autoimmune disease (29%), adrenoleukodystrophy (6%), and other genetic causes (6%). From the age of 5 years, most of the new cases of PAI were due to autoimmune disease. Conclusion After the first-year peak, the incidence of PAI is relatively constant through ages 1-15 years, and 1 out of 10 000 children are diagnosed with PAI before the age of 15 years.

Automated summary

This study examined the incidence and causes of primary adrenal insufficiency in Finnish children. The findings showed a high incidence rate in the first year of life, with a significant gender difference. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia was the most common cause among patients.