The carbon footprint of healthcare settings: A systematic review

Healthcare systems are responsible for 4%-5% of the emissions of greenhouse gases worldwide. The Greenhouse Gas Protocol divides carbon emissions into three scopes: scope 1 or direct emissions secondary to energy use; scope 2 or indirect emissions secondary to purchased electricity; and scope 3 for the rest of indirect emissions. AimTo describe the environmental impact of health services. DesignA systematic review was conducted in the Medline, Web of Science, CINAHL, and Cochrane databases. Studies that focused their analysis on a functional healthcare unit and which included. This review was conducted from August to October 2022. ResultsThe initial electronic search yielded a total of 4368 records. After the screening process according to the inclusion criteria, 13 studies were included in this review. The reviewed studies found that between 15% and 50% of the total emissions corresponded to scopes 1 and 2 emissions, whereas scope 3 emissions ranged between 50% and 75% of the total emissions. Disposables, equipment (medical and non-medical) and pharmaceuticals represented the higher percentage of emissions in scope 3. ConclusionMost of the emissions corresponded to scope 3, which includes the indirect emission occurring as a consequence of the healthcare activity, as this scope includes a wider range of emission sources than the other scopes. Implications for the profession and/or patient careInterventions should be carried out by the healthcare organizations responsible of Greenhouse Gas emissions, and also every single individual that integrates them should make changes. The use of evidence-based approaches to identify carbon hotspots and implement the most effective interventions in the healthcare setting could lead to a significant reduction of carbon emissions. ImpactThis literature review highlights the impact that healthcare systems have on climate change and the importance of adopting and carrying out interventions to prevent its fast development. Reporting MethodThis review adhered to PRISMA guideline. PRISMA 2020 is a guideline designed for systematic reviews of studies that analyse the effects of heath interventions, and aim is to help authors improve the reporting of systematic review and meta-analyses. Patient or Public ContributionNo Patient or Public Contribution.

Automated summary

Healthcare systems contribute 4%-5% of global greenhouse gas emissions. The environmental impact of health services is mainly due to indirect emissions (scope 3), with disposables, equipment, and pharmaceuticals accounting for a higher percentage. It is important for healthcare organizations to take action to reduce carbon emissions and for individuals to make changes.