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Microbial Enzyme Biotechnology to Reach Plastic Waste Circularity: Current Status, Problems and Perspectives

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES (2023)

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Review Environmental Sciences

Photocatalytic strategy to mitigate microplastic pollution in aquatic environments: Promising catalysts, efficiencies, mechanisms, and ecological risks

Jiehong He et al.

Summary: This article provides an overview of the application of photocatalysis in microplastics degradation. The modification of photocatalysts and the relationship between reactive oxygen species generation and material structure are analyzed to improve the efficiency of photocatalysis. Additionally, the ecological risks associated with photocatalysis are discussed. Future research should focus on designing photocatalytic materials, detailing degradation mechanisms and evaluating ecological risks.

CRITICAL REVIEWS IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (2023)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Efficient polyethylene terephthalate degradation at moderate temperature: a protein engineering study of LC-cutinase highlights the key role of residue 243

Valentina Pirillo et al.

Summary: Improved variants of PET-hydrolysing enzymes were generated by protein engineering. The F243T variant partially depolymerized PET film, while the S101N/F243T double variant showed higher activity. The highest conversion yield for both variants was obtained at 55°C. The S101N/F243T variant is capable of fully depolymerizing untreated postconsumer PET waste within 3 days at 55°C, making it a more ecofriendly and sustainable process.

FEBS JOURNAL (2023)

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Article Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

Application of a novel fluorogenic polyurethane analogue probe in polyester-degrading microorganisms screening by microfluidic droplet

Anming Xu et al.

Summary: The application of polyester-degrading microorganisms or enzymes is an eco-friendly alternative to chemical recycling. However, current screening methods are time-consuming and unable to distinguish polyesterases from other enzymes. This study presents a novel approach that combines a synthetic fluorescent polyurethane analogue probe and droplet-based microfluidics to efficiently screen polyurethane-degrading microorganisms.

MICROBIAL BIOTECHNOLOGY (2023)

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Article Engineering, Environmental

Biodegradation of polyester polyurethane by Cladosporium sp. P7: Evaluating its degradation capacity and metabolic pathways

Jiawei Liu et al.

Summary: In this study, 20 strains capable of decomposing polyurethane (PU) and other plastics were isolated, including 11 bacteria and 9 fungi. The best PU degrader was found to be Cladosporium sp. P7. Additionally, it was discovered that PBA-PU is depolymerized via ester and urethane bond hydrolysis, followed by intracellular metabolism and mineralization of the monomers to CO2 and H2O.

JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS (2023)

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Review Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

Microbial enzymes will offer limited solutions to the global plastic pollution crisis

Jennifer Chow et al.

Summary: Global economies heavily rely on fossil-fuel-based polymers, but a significant amount of these synthetic polymers are disposed into the environment. Over the past decade, microbiologists have been searching for enzymes that can degrade plastic, but there have been limited success in finding functional biocatalysts for most plastics. The main challenge now is to identify enzymes that can target the majority of fossil-fuel-based plastics. This emerging research field is still in its infancy.

MICROBIAL BIOTECHNOLOGY (2023)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Urethanases for the Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Low Molecular Weight Carbamates and the Recycling of Polyurethanes

Yannick Branson et al.

Summary: Enzymatic degradation and recycling are effective ways to reduce the environmental impact of plastics. However, there has been no efficient enzyme reported for the hydrolysis of polyurethanes. In this study, researchers discovered urethanases from a metagenome library constructed from soil exposed to polyurethane waste. They then developed a chemoenzymatic process using urethanase for polyurethane foam recycling.

ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE-INTERNATIONAL EDITION (2023)

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Review Engineering, Environmental

Recent advances and challenges in the biotechnological upcycling of plastic wastes for constructing a circular bioeconomy

Sangmin Lee et al.

Summary: Plastic waste upcycling has emerged as a solution to the environmental crisis caused by plastic, with a focus on enzymatic and microbial degradation as well as catabolism of plastic monomers. This review provides insights into recent advances and barriers in biotechnological upcycling, specifically discussing PETase as a representative plastic-degrading enzyme. It also covers microbial conversion of plastic monomers and the chemobiological upcycling of plastic waste, contributing to the development of viable biotechnological systems and plastic-based circular carbon economies.

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Article Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

Production of bio-polyurethane (BPU) foams from greenhouse/agricultural wastes, and their biodegradability

Hongwei Li et al.

Summary: This paper explores a hydrothermal treatment method for converting greenhouse wastes and corn stalk into bio-oil/bio-polyol, and demonstrates the potential of using this bio-oil as a substitute for petroleum-based polyol in the preparation of bio-polyurethane foams. The results show that the method is effective in converting wastes and the resulting BPU foams exhibit superior biodegradability.

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Article Environmental Sciences

Biodegradation of microplastics: Better late than never

Saba Miri et al.

Summary: Plastic use is expanding, especially in the form of microplastics, which are posing a global threat to ecosystems and human health. Current research focuses on biotechnological methods for removing microplastics, but further studies are needed to develop more effective strategies.

CHEMOSPHERE (2022)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Comparative Performance of PETase as a Function of Reaction Conditions, Substrate Properties, and Product Accumulation

Erika Erickson et al.

Summary: This study compares the performance of two types of PET-hydrolyzing enzymes and finds that reaction temperature has the strongest influence on their performance. Both enzymes achieve higher levels of PET conversion for substrates with moderate crystallinity, and show different inhibition profiles to product accumulation.

CHEMSUSCHEM (2022)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Multicycling of Epoxy Thermoset Through a Two-Step Strategy of Alcoholysis and Hydrolysis using a Self-Separating Catalysis System

Xu Zhao et al.

Summary: Researchers have developed a new strategy to achieve multicycling of anhydride-cured epoxy thermosets, through efficient recycling methods. The new method not only maintains high strength and stability, but also facilitates the separation and reuse of catalyst, providing an important way to reintegrate waste plastics under the background of circular economy.

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Adaptive machine learning for protein engineering

Brian L. Hie et al.

Summary: The article explains how to use machine-learning models to select protein sequences for experimental measurement, discussing both single-round and sequential optimization to improve the model.

CURRENT OPINION IN STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY (2022)

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Article Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

Engineering and evaluation of thermostable IsPETase variants for PET degradation

Stefan Brott et al.

Summary: In this study, a mutant library of a thermostable triple mutant (TM) of IsPETase was generated using error-prone PCR, resulting in the discovery of four more thermostable IsPETase variants when screened against Impranil DLN W 50. The most promising variant IsPETaseTM(K95N/F201I) exhibited a 5.0 degrees C higher melting point than IsPETaseTM, making it a more active PET hydrolase at higher reaction temperatures up to 60 degrees C. Thermostability was highlighted as a crucial characteristic for an effective PET hydrolase based on the findings.

ENGINEERING IN LIFE SCIENCES (2022)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Microorganisms harbor keys to a circular bioeconomy making them useful tools in fighting plastic pollution and rising CO2 levels

Garabed Antranikian et al.

Summary: This article addresses the major global challenges of fossil fuel-driven climate change, global plastic pollution, and emerging plant, human, and animal infections. It emphasizes the need for a dramatic transformation in both science and society to meet these challenges and advocates for intense research and development in (bio)technology and industrial bioprocesses for a zero-carbon sustainable bioeconomy. The article highlights the significant role of microorganisms, especially extremophiles, as technology drivers in this transition, and outlines urgent areas of microbial research and technology advancements for a circular bioeconomy.

EXTREMOPHILES (2022)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

An Efficient Protein Evolution Workflow for the Improvement of Bacterial PET Hydrolyzing Enzymes

Valentina Pirillo et al.

Summary: This study reports a straightforward workflow for the evolution of PET-hydrolysing enzymes (PHEs) using semi-rational protein engineering and high-throughput screening. By screening variant libraries on PET nanoparticles, a variant with higher hydrolytic activity was identified and further stabilized. This workflow provides a suitable protocol for the generation of efficient enzymatic tools for polyester degradation.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES (2022)

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Article Engineering, Environmental

Fluorescence-activated droplet sorting of PET degrading microorganisms

Yuxin Qiao et al.

Summary: A high-throughput screening pipeline was developed to identify PET-degrading microorganisms or enzymes, successfully isolating species capable of degrading PET from environmental samples and genetically deriving and validating two putative PETases. The FADS pipeline shows promise for discovering new plastic-degrading microorganisms and enzymes, potentially aiding in the directed evolution of degrading enzymes through synthetic biology.

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Synthesis, antibacterial activity, and enzymatic decomposition of bio-polyurethane foams containing propolis

Jisu Jeong et al.

Summary: Polyurethane foam (PUF) was synthesized by reacting sugar, propolis, and polyisocyanate, and the optimal foaming conditions were determined. The synthesis and cell structure of PUF were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The PUF containing propolis exhibited low apparent density and thermal conductivity, as well as high antibacterial activity. Moreover, PUF could be degraded through enzymatic reactions.

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Article Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

The metabolic potential of plastics as biotechnological carbon sources-Review and targets for the future

Till Tiso et al.

Summary: The plastic crisis demands drastic measures, especially for the end-of-life of plastics. Microbial metabolism offers new possibilities for the recycling of mixed plastic fractions. By degrading plastics into oligo- and monomers, these carbon sources can be utilized in biotechnology to transform plastic waste into valuable products like bioplastics and biosurfactants. The study presents well-known monomer degradation pathways and calculates the potential replacement scenarios for existing fossil-based synthesis routes. The findings highlight the attractiveness of plastic monomers as alternative carbon sources for fossil-based products.

METABOLIC ENGINEERING (2022)

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Review Polymer Science

Current advances in polyurethane biodegradation

Xuerui Jin et al.

Summary: This article summarizes the research progress on the biodegradation of polyurethane, including the degradation mechanisms of polyester-polyurethane and polyether-polyurethane, the involvement of microorganisms and enzymes in the degradation process, and potential solutions for future polyurethane biodegradation.

POLYMER INTERNATIONAL (2022)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Plastics degradation by hydrolytic enzymes: The plastics-active enzymes database-PAZy

Patrick C. F. Buchholz et al.

Summary: This article summarizes the current known enzymes that act on PET and PUR plastics, and integrates their activity data into a comprehensive database. Through analysis of homologs and conservation, common features of these active enzymes are identified.

PROTEINS-STRUCTURE FUNCTION AND BIOINFORMATICS (2022)

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Article Environmental Sciences

The fate of missing ocean plastics: Are they just a marine environmental problem?

Atsuhiko Isobe et al.

Summary: This study estimates the mass of ocean plastics by combining numerical particle tracking and linear mass-balance models. The results show that ocean plastics account for only a small percentage of mismanaged plastic waste generated over the years.

SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT (2022)

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Review Environmental Sciences

Challenges and opportunities in bioremediation of micro-nano plastics: A review

Yuwen Zhou et al.

Summary: The increasing presence of micro-nano plastics (MNPs) in the natural ecosystem poses a global threat to the environment and living organisms. Microbial remediation is considered a greener technology to address this issue, with the key being to understand the pathways used by microbes to utilize plastic fragments as a carbon source. Various remediation technologies, such as enzymatic, advanced molecular, and bio-membrane technologies, are being deployed to foster the bioremediation of MNPs, with a focus on their pros and cons and prospects for future research.

SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT (2022)

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Review Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

Enzyme discovery and engineering for sustainable plastic recycling

Baotong Zhu et al.

Summary: The increasing amount of plastic waste is causing an environmental crisis, requiring innovative technologies for recycling. Biocatalytic depolymerization mediated by enzymes is an efficient and sustainable method for plastic treatment, with protein engineering used to optimize enzyme performance.

TRENDS IN BIOTECHNOLOGY (2022)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Real-Time Noninvasive Analysis of Biocatalytic PET Degradation

Ronny Frank et al.

Summary: The Earth has entered the Anthropocene, characterized by widespread environmental pollution from plastics like PET. There is a pressing need for ecofriendly and cost-effective solutions for plastic recycling and reuse. By altering the dielectric properties of PET films, a monitoring system has been developed using impedance spectroscopy to analyze the enzymatic hydrolysis process of PET films with polyester hydrolases.

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Bioplastics for a circular economy

Jan-Georg Rosenboom et al.

Summary: Bioplastics have the potential to contribute to a more sustainable and circular economy by reducing carbon footprint and offering advantageous material properties. However, they also face challenges such as negative agricultural impacts, competition with food production, unclear end-of-life management, and higher costs. Emerging chemical and biological methods can enable the upcycling of plastic waste into higher-quality materials. Standardization and guidelines are needed to guide purchasing choices, and clear regulations and financial incentives are essential for the large-scale adoption of bioplastics in a truly sustainable manner.

NATURE REVIEWS MATERIALS (2022)

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Review Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

Insights into polyester plastic biodegradation by carboxyl ester hydrolases

Alisa Gricajeva et al.

Summary: Researchers have been using various microbial enzymes to degrade polyester plastics, which can effectively reduce the levels of plastics in the environment. Progress is being made in protein engineering to develop more effective and suitable polyester-degrading lipolytic biocatalysts.

JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY (2022)

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Article Environmental Sciences

Metabolic Cascade for Remediation of Plastic Waste: a Case Study on Microplastic Degradation

Vivek K. Gaur et al.

Summary: Microplastics, as a ubiquitous pollutant, have severe environmental and human health hazards. Microorganisms have evolved the tools to degrade different types of plastic polymers, but the degradation process is long. Meta omics approaches and protein engineering have been employed to identify active microbiota and mitigate microplastic contamination. Increasing plastic contamination serves as a breeding ground for other persistent chlorinated pollutants. This comprehensive review summarizes the sources, toxicity, and bio-based mitigation approaches for microplastics, providing insights into multi-omic approaches and engineering technologies for microplastic degradation. Guidelines and regulations are also discussed, along with knowledge gaps and opportunities for further research.

CURRENT POLLUTION REPORTS (2022)

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Review Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Upcycling to Sustainably Reuse Plastics

Xin Zhao et al.

Summary: This review presents the latest research on plastics upcycling, covering sustainable approaches and technologies, as well as the use of renewable energy and selective methods to repurpose synthetic polymers. It also introduces thermal upcycling, chemical deconstruction of plastics, advancements in heterogeneous and homogeneous photocatalysis and electrocatalysis, and biotechnological advances in microbial decomposition of plastics.

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Article Engineering, Environmental

Construction of super-hydrophobic hypercrosslinked porous polymers for selectively removing aromatic diamines from the polyurethane bio-hydrolysate

Liyan Chen et al.

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Article Environmental Sciences

Microplastic retention in small and medium municipal wastewater treatment plants and the role of the disinfection

Silvia Galafassi et al.

Summary: The research found that the disinfection step in wastewater treatment process can help reduce the emission of microplastic particles and improve the retention efficiency of WWTPs for MPs. Different disinfection methods can significantly impact the reduction of MPs concentration.

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH (2022)

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Review Environmental Sciences

Critical review of microplastics removal from the environment

Riaz Ahmed et al.

Summary: This review provides an overview of the sources, occurrence, and potential adverse effects of microplastics on human health. It identifies promising technologies for microplastics removal, including physical, chemical, and biological approaches, and analyzes their advantages and limitations. The review concludes with a discussion of current challenges and future research priorities in addressing microplastics contamination.

CHEMOSPHERE (2022)

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Article Environmental Sciences

Discovery and quantification of plastic particle pollution in human blood

Heather A. Leslie et al.

Summary: Plastic particles are widespread pollutants in the environment and food chain, and this study successfully developed a method to measure the presence of plastic particles in human blood. The study found four high production volume polymers in blood samples and demonstrated that plastic particles can be taken up by the human bloodstream.

ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL (2022)

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Article Green & Sustainable Science & Technology

Critiques of the circular economy

Herve Corvellec et al.

Summary: Critiques addressed to the circular economy and circular business models focus on their diffused limits, unclear theoretical grounds, and structural obstacles. The sustainability value of the circular economy is uncertain compared to what its advocates claim.

JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY (2022)

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Review Engineering, Biomedical

Biodegradable polyurethane scaffolds in regenerative medicine: Clinical translation review

Drake D. Pedersen et al.

Summary: Early explorations of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine commonly used simple polyesters as scaffolds. However, with the advancement of technology, a greater variety of synthetic biomaterials, such as biodegradable polyurethanes, have been employed. These polyurethanes can be customized based on their composition and processability, and can incorporate bioactive agents to achieve desired biological responses. While there is much enthusiasm and growth in the literature on biodegradable PU scaffolds, their regulatory approval and routine clinical use are still limited. Nonetheless, there is a growing body of research on the development and pre-clinical applications of these scaffolds.

JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL MATERIALS RESEARCH PART A (2022)

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Article Engineering, Environmental

PET particles raise microbiological concerns for human health while tyre wear affect services in waters

Maria Belen Sathicq et al.

Summary: This study investigated the impact of tyre wear microplastic particles (TWP) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) particles on the microbial communities in water. The results showed that TWP acted as an additional carbon source, promoting the growth of potentially harmful bacteria, while PET provided a refuge for pathogens from wastewater effluent.

JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS (2022)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Machine learning-aided engineering of hydrolases for PET depolymerization

Hongyuan Lu et al.

Summary: Plastic waste is an ecological challenge, and enzymatic degradation offers a potentially green and scalable route for plastic recycling. Engineered PETase shows superior activity in hydrolyzing postconsumer PET, and a closed-loop recycling process is demonstrated.

NATURE (2022)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Critical advances and future opportunities in upcycling commodity polymers

Coralie Jehanno et al.

Summary: The majority of plastic waste is not degraded, leading to permanent pollution. Chemical recycling and upcycling provide new opportunities for sustainable plastic economy.

NATURE (2022)

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Review Green & Sustainable Science & Technology

Recent progress and challenges in biological degradation and biotechnological valorization of lignin as an emerging source of bioenergy: A state-of-the-art review

Gwon Woo Park et al.

Summary: This article provides a comprehensive review on biological approaches, such as enzymes and microorganisms, for lignin degradation. It also highlights recent advancements in biotechnological lignin valorization, including metabolic engineering for producing useful fuels and chemicals and the use of lignin-based hybrid materials for biosensor and biomedical applications. Future research directions and the potential of utilizing all components of lignocellulosic biomass in zero-waste refineries are discussed.

RENEWABLE & SUSTAINABLE ENERGY REVIEWS (2022)

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Review Chemistry, Physical

Rational Design of Chemical Catalysis for Plastic Recycling

Mingyu Chu et al.

Summary: This article highlights the urgent need for a deep understanding of the relationship between polymer structure and recycling performance in order to combat the global environmental crisis caused by plastic pollution. It discusses the development and challenges of chemical re/upcycling of waste PET and polyolefins, as well as prospects for innovations in catalyst synthesis and reaction engineering. The article concludes with a brief perspective on the future of plastic re/upcycling.

ACS CATALYSIS (2022)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Mechanism-Based Design of Efficient PET Hydrolases

Ren Wei et al.

Summary: Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is a widely used synthetic polyester in textile fibers and packaging materials, which contributes significantly to global solid waste and environmental plastic pollution. Enzymatic PET recycling and upcycling have emerged as potential solutions, but there are limitations such as unbalanced enzyme-substrate interactions, limited thermostability, low catalytic efficiency at high temperatures, and inhibition by degradation intermediates. Protein engineering has been successful in addressing these limitations and can be applied to other mass-produced polymer types for biotechnological waste disposal.

ACS CATALYSIS (2022)

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Article Polymer Science

Biodegradable, Stretchable and Transparent Plastic Films from Modified Waterborne Polyurethane Dispersions

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Summary: Waterborne polyurethane dispersions can be used to produce environmentally friendly and biodegradable plastic films with good mechanical properties and transparency by hybridizing with polyvinylpyrrolidone.

POLYMERS (2022)

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Article Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

Biodegradation Study of Polyurethanes from Linseed and Passion Fruit Oils

Roseany V. V. Lopes et al.

Summary: This study prepared bio-based polyurethane (PU) foams from linseed oil and passion fruit oil, demonstrating their interesting properties and biodegradability. The results showed significant biodegradation activity of the PU in soil degradation tests and reduced thermal stability after landfill.

COATINGS (2022)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Sourcing thermotolerant poly(ethylene terephthalate) hydrolase scaffolds from natural diversity

Erika Erickson et al.

Summary: This study expands the number and diversity of thermotolerant scaffolds for enzymatic PET deconstruction by using bioinformatics and machine learning to mine 74 putative thermotolerant PET hydrolases. The study identifies new PET-active biocatalysts and discovers protein folds and accessory domains associated with PET deconstruction.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2022)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Biodegradation of highly crystallized poly(ethylene terephthalate) through cell surface codisplay of bacterial PETase and hydrophobin

Zhuozhi Chen et al.

Summary: This study presents an engineered whole-cell biocatalyst for the efficient degradation of high-crystallinity poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET). The whole-cell biocatalyst displays both adhesive hydrophobin and degradation unit PETase on the surface of yeast cells, significantly increasing the turnover rate compared to purified PETase. Molecular dynamics simulations explain how enhanced adhesion promotes the enzymatic degradation of PET.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2022)

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Article Biochemical Research Methods

Influence of substrate crystallinity and glass transition temperature on enzymatic degradation of polyethylene terephthalate (PET)

Thore Bach Thomsen et al.

Summary: This work investigates the importance of the degree of crystallinity and glass transition temperature of PET on enzymatic degradation at elevated temperatures. The results show that the crystallinity affects the enzymatic product release rate, and different enzymes exhibit different activities at varying degrees of crystallinity. In addition, thermal annealing and water soaking have an impact on the properties of PET. These findings contribute to a better understanding of enzymatic PET degradation and the development of PET upcycling processes.

NEW BIOTECHNOLOGY (2022)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Multiple Substrate Binding Mode-Guided Engineering of a Thermophilic PET Hydrolase

Lara Pfaff et al.

Summary: Thermophilic polyester hydrolases (PES-H) play a crucial role in the biocatalytic recycling of synthetic polyester polyethylene terephthalate (PET). By studying the crystal structures of two enzymes derived from metagenomes, researchers gained insights into the mechanism of enzymatic PET hydrolysis. Mutations in key residues resulted in improved hydrolytic activity of certain variants, making them potential candidates for industrial plastic recycling processes.

ACS CATALYSIS (2022)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Particle Size Reduction of Poly(ethylene terephthalate) Increases the Rate of Enzymatic Depolymerization But Does Not Increase the Overall Conversion Extent

Richard K. Brizendine et al.

Summary: Enzymatic depolymerization of PET is a potential method for PET recycling, but extensive thermomechanical preprocessing is often conducted. In this study, the effect of PET particle size and crystallinity on the performance of a specific enzyme was investigated using different types of PET. The results show that particle size reduction can increase the reaction rate for high-crystallinity PET, but has little effect on the overall conversion extent. Amorphization of PET is necessary for enzymatic PET recycling, while particle size reduction may not be required.

ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING (2022)

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Article Microbiology

The Bacterial and Fungal Gut Microbiota of the Greater Wax Moth, Galleria mellonella L. Consuming Polyethylene and Polystyrene

Juliana Ruiz M. Barrionuevo et al.

Summary: Plastic production has been exponentially increasing, but the lack of control in plastic disposal has resulted in pollution of ecosystems on Earth. This study identified changes in the bacterial and fungal communities associated with the consumption of polyethylene and polystyrene by Greater Wax Moth larvae, providing insights into the potential multi-kingdom synergy in plastic biodegradation.

FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY (2022)

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Editorial Material Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

Enzymatic recycling of polyethylene terephthalate through the lens of proprietary processes

Jose L. Garcia

MICROBIAL BIOTECHNOLOGY (2022)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Directed evolution of an efficient and thermostable PET depolymerase

Elizabeth L. Bell et al.

Summary: The recent discovery of IsPETase, a hydrolytic enzyme that can degrade polyethylene terephthalate (PET), has sparked interest in using biocatalytic approaches to recycle plastics. In this study, we describe an automated, high-throughput directed evolution platform for engineering polymer degrading enzymes. By applying catalytic activity under elevated temperatures, a thermostable IsPETase variant (HotPETase) was successfully engineered to operate at the industrial processing temperature of PET. This HotPETase enzyme showed improved efficiency in degrading PET compared to previously reported enzymes and could selectively breakdown the PET component of multi-materials.

NATURE CATALYSIS (2022)

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Review Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

Biodegradation of polyethylene and polystyrene: From microbial deterioration to enzyme discovery

Yan Zhang et al.

Summary: The low biodegradability of synthetic plastics has led to serious plastic pollution. This review summarizes the recent advances and challenges in the biodegradation of polyethylene and polystyrene, and discusses various methods and tools for plastic degradation.

BIOTECHNOLOGY ADVANCES (2022)

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Article Environmental Sciences

Synthesis, characterization and biodegradation studies of polyurethanes: Effect of unsaturation on biodegradability

Manuel Burelo et al.

Summary: The presence of unsaturation in the main chain of the polymer promotes the biodegradation process. The study found that unsaturated polyurethane (PUU) showed superior biodegradation compared to saturated polyurethane (PUS). The fungus Cladosporium tenuissimum A3.I.1 exhibited more efficient biodegradation than the BP8 microbial community.

CHEMOSPHERE (2022)

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Article Environmental Sciences

Biodegradation of polyether-polyurethane foam in yellow mealworms (Tenebrio molitor) and effects on the gut microbiome

Jiawei Liu et al.

Summary: Polyurethane (PU) is a plastic with high environmental resistance but low biodegradability. Improperly disposed PU waste contributes to plastic pollution. Yellow mealworm larvae can efficiently degrade polyether-PU foam, but the degradation is not complete. Changes in gut microbiome may contribute to the degradation of polyether-PU.

CHEMOSPHERE (2022)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Valorization of Polyethylene Terephthalate to Muconic Acid by Engineering Pseudomonas Putida

Pan Liu et al.

Summary: This study proposes a new conceptual scheme for the valorization of PET waste by utilizing microbial metabolic engineering. The researchers constructed a multifunctional strain that can secrete PET hydrolase and cutinase, as well as synthesize muconic acid. The results showed that 0.50 g of muconic acid can be produced from 1 g of PET in each biological cycle.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES (2022)

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Article Engineering, Environmental

Sequentially co-immobilized PET and MHET hydrolases via Spy chemistry in calcium phosphate nanocrystals present high-performance PET degradation

Kun Chen et al.

Summary: This study developed a bienzymatic cascade catalysis system by co-immobilizing DuraPETase and MHETase in calcium phosphate nanocrystals (CaP), enabling the complete degradation of PET. The layered structure of the nanocrystals protected the enzymes and improved their stability, while the high specific surface area and proximity effects from the bienzymatic cascade enhanced enzyme activity. Experimental results showed a significant increase in PET degradation efficiency for DuraPETase-MHETase@CaP under certain conditions, contributing to the recycling of PET.

JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS (2022)

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Review Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

Current progress on the biodegradation of synthetic plastics: from fundamentals to biotechnological applications

Rodrigo Andler et al.

Summary: Plastic pollution is a global concern due to the slow biodegradation of synthetic plastics. There is a need to supplement the existing knowledge on the biodegradation and biotransformation of synthetic plastics to develop effective bioremediation strategies. This review aims to highlight current research on the most promising biodegradation processes, plastic-degrading enzymes, biotechnological strategies for improvement, and the bioconversion of plastic waste. Techno-economic analyses and environmental impacts are also discussed to facilitate the valorization of plastic biodegradation processes.

REVIEWS IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND BIO-TECHNOLOGY (2022)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Mixed plastics waste valorization through tandem chemical oxidation and biological funneling

Kevin P. Sullivan et al.

Summary: The study demonstrates a strategy for the selective conversion of mixed plastics waste into valuable chemical products by using metal-catalyzed autoxidation to depolymerize the plastics into oxygenated small molecules, and then genetically engineering bacteria to convert these molecules into a single chemical product.

SCIENCE (2022)

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Article Engineering, Environmental

Technical and market substitutability of recycled materials: Calculating the environmental benefits of mechanical and chemical recycling of plastic packaging waste

S. Huysveld et al.

Summary: This study presents a data-driven method for quantifying the overall substitutability of plastics, focusing on both technical and market substitutability. By analyzing non-food contact material applications and hypothetical future food contact material applications, the study reveals the differences in environmental performance between mechanical recycling and thermochemical recycling in various scenarios.

WASTE MANAGEMENT (2022)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Wax worm saliva and the enzymes therein are the key to polyethylene degradation by Galleria mellonella

A. Sanluis-Verdes et al.

Summary: The saliva of wax worms has the ability to oxidize and depolymerize polyethylene, providing a potential solution for biodegradation of plastic waste.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2022)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Polyvinyl chloride degradation by a bacterium isolated from the gut of insect larvae

Zhe Zhang et al.

Summary: This study isolates a PVC-degrading bacterium from the gut of insect larvae and uses a multi-omic approach to shed light on the PVC degradation pathway. The findings provide new insights into the mechanism of PVC degradation.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2022)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Rapid depolymerization of poly(ethylene terephthalate) thin films by a dual-enzyme system and its impact on material properties

Natalia A. Tarazona et al.

Summary: Enzymatic hydrolysis is a promising method for recycling and upcycling plastic waste. However, the complexity and difficulty of understanding polymer cleavage and engineering better biocatalysts are increased by the interfacial catalysis mode and the variability of polymer specimen properties under different degradation conditions. This study presents a systemic approach to studying the enzyme-catalyzed surface erosion of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), while simultaneously monitoring and controlling operating conditions in real time. The results show that increased accessible surface area, amorphization, and T-g reduction can accelerate PET degradation and lower the threshold for degradation-induced crystallization.

CHEM CATALYSIS (2022)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

The role of binding modules in enzymatic poly(ethylene terephthalate) hydrolysis at high-solids loadings

Rosie Graham et al.

Summary: Enzymes with multi-domain architectures are often found in nature and have been shown to enhance the degradation ability of polymers like PET. However, this study suggests that accessory binding modules are not necessary for cost-effective enzymatic PET recycling in industrial applications.

CHEM CATALYSIS (2022)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Advanced database mining of efficient haloalkane dehalogenases by sequence and structure bioinformatics and microfluidics

Michal Vasina et al.

Summary: In this study, a combination of next-generation sequencing and microfluidic enzymology was used to identify efficient and robust haloalkane dehalogenases. A total of 2,905 putative dehalogenases were identified through bioinformatics analysis, and a small set of 45 genes were prioritized. Among these genes, 40 active enzymes were obtained, and 24 of them were characterized using microfluidic enzymology techniques. The results revealed valuable mechanistic insights and demonstrated the potential of this pipeline for accelerating the discovery of efficient biocatalysts for industrial use.

CHEM CATALYSIS (2022)

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Review Microbiology

Biodegradation of plastics: mining of plastic-degrading microorganisms and enzymes using metagenomics approaches

Dae-Wi Kim et al.

Summary: Plastic pollution caused by excessive use and the difficulty of degradation is recognized as a major global threat. Microbial degradation of plastics has gained attention as an eco-friendly solution, but the biochemical mechanisms of biodegradation are not fully understood. This study explores the advantages and limitations of using metagenomics approaches to identify plastic-degrading microorganisms and enzymes. Whole metagenome sequencing is identified as a powerful tool for accessing the full metabolic potential of a microbiome. New strategies and techniques are expected to continue facilitating the identification of novel plastic-degrading microorganisms and enzymes.

JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY (2022)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Life cycle assessment of enzymatic poly(ethylene terephthalate) recycling

Taylor Uekert et al.

Summary: This study conducted a process-based life cycle assessment (LCA) to evaluate the enzymatic PET recycling system for a closed-loop PET recycling scheme. The results showed that enzymatic PET recycling performed worse than virgin TPA and PET production in most impact categories, but improvements in the recycling process could reduce its overall environmental impacts to levels equivalent to virgin production.

GREEN CHEMISTRY (2022)

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Article Engineering, Environmental

Transfer of Micro(nano)plastics in animals: A mini-review and future research recommendation

Lingling Hu et al.

Summary: This article summarizes the distribution of microplastics in aquatic and terrestrial animals, and discusses the transfer modes and factors influencing the translocation of microplastics. It emphasizes the urgency and importance of future research in this field.

JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS ADVANCES (2022)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Sabatier Principle for Rationalizing Enzymatic Hydrolysis of a Synthetic Polyester

Jenny Arnling Baath et al.

Summary: Investigated the kinetics of two PET hydrolases at different concentrations of CTAB and found that CTAB consistently lowered the strength of enzyme-PET interactions. The effect of CTAB on enzymatic turnover was biphasic, with initial promotion and subsequent suppression. The correlation with maximal turnover at an intermediate binding strength was in accordance with the Sabatier principle. Suggested that future discovery efforts should consider enzymes with weakened substrate binding due to their limiting effect on catalytic performance.

JACS AU (2022)

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Review Environmental Sciences

Plastic pollution in the Arctic

Melanie Bergmann et al.

Summary: Plastic debris and microplastics are widespread in the Arctic, even in areas without human activity. They come from various sources, both local and distant, and are transported to the Arctic by ocean currents, atmospheric transport, and rivers. Once in the Arctic, plastic pollution accumulates and affects local ecosystems.

NATURE REVIEWS EARTH & ENVIRONMENT (2022)

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Article Mathematical & Computational Biology

PlasticDB: a database of microorganisms and proteins linked to plastic biodegradation

Victor Gambarini et al.

Summary: The PlasticDB web application is a database that contains information on microorganisms and proteins reported to degrade plastics, and it also provides analytical tools for users to analyze their own datasets.

DATABASE-THE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL DATABASES AND CURATION (2022)

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Review Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

Non-Hydrolyzable Plastics - An Interdisciplinary Look at Plastic Bio-Oxidation

Hedda Inderthal et al.

Summary: Enzymatic plastic conversion is seen as a potential alternative to traditional plastic waste management, with a focus on biodegradable plastics such as polyesters. However, there are still challenges in applying enzymatic degradation to other commercial plastics. Addressing extensive knowledge gaps and understanding the crucial impact of physicochemical factors on reactions in less well-studied plastic types are essential for expanding the application of enzymatic degradation.

TRENDS IN BIOTECHNOLOGY (2021)

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Review Environmental Studies

Impacts and mitigation measures of plastic waste: A critical review

Liancheng Li et al.

Summary: This article discusses the impact of plastic waste on the environment and human health, explores management and mitigation measures, and proposes a future research agenda.

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REVIEW (2021)

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Review Engineering, Environmental

Environmental source, fate, and toxicity of microplastics

Chunhui Wang et al.

Summary: Microplastics, small plastic particles less than 5 mm in size, have attracted increasing global attention due to their widespread distribution in various environmental compartments. Studies show that the sources of microplastics are diverse, and their presence and impacts in the environment are influenced by multiple factors. Research gaps exist in quantitatively analyzing different exposure routes of microplastics and their toxicity to organisms. Further efforts are needed to focus on the occurrence and fate of microplastics in terrestrial environments, especially in the atmosphere and soil, as well as investigating the toxicity mechanisms of microplastics.

JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS (2021)

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Review Environmental Sciences

Tertiary recycling of plastics waste: an analysis of feedstock, chemical and biological degradation methods

Alicia Lee et al.

Summary: This article discusses the increasing global awareness of the plastic waste problem and the importance of solutions such as plastic recycling. While plastic recycling is an environmentally friendly method with great economic potential, its implementation is hindered by technological and cost issues.

JOURNAL OF MATERIAL CYCLES AND WASTE MANAGEMENT (2021)

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Review Polymer Science

Mechanical Recycling of Packaging Plastics: A Review

Zoe O. G. Schyns et al.

Summary: The current global plastics economy is linear, but transitioning to a circular economy is crucial for reducing environmental impacts through degradation, reuse, and recycling. Mechanical recycling plays a key role in a sustainable plastic economy, but challenges such as high costs, mechanical property degradation, and inconsistent product quality need to be addressed.

MACROMOLECULAR RAPID COMMUNICATIONS (2021)

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Review Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Biocatalysis in the Recycling Landscape for Synthetic Polymers and Plastics towards Circular Textiles

Christina Jonsson et al.

Summary: Although the separation of individual components from polymer blends in textiles is currently unavailable at a viable scale, biotechnology may provide a solution. However, biotechnological-assisted depolymerization only works for a few synthetic polymer chains, and the use of difficult-to-recycle blended materials is rapidly growing in the textile industry.

CHEMSUSCHEM (2021)

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Article Agriculture, Multidisciplinary

Protein films from black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens, Diptera: Stratiomyidae) prepupae: effect of protein solubility and mild crosslinking

Daniele Nuvoli et al.

Summary: Protein-based bioplastics derived from black soldier fly prepupae showed strong and homogeneous properties when using the soluble protein fraction. Mild crosslinking of proteins improved film tensile properties, making them effective barriers to red light.

JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE (2021)

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Article Engineering, Environmental

Plastic waste from marine environment: Demonstration of possible routes for recycling by different manufacturing technologies

F. Ronkay et al.

Summary: Researchers simulated marine conditions to study the aging of PET and HDPE materials, finding that aged PET materials had significantly impaired mechanical and optical properties, while other properties did not change significantly. Despite this, plastic products made from aged plastic material could still be successfully manufactured through mechanical recycling.

WASTE MANAGEMENT (2021)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Computational Redesign of a PETase for Plastic Biodegradation under Ambient Condition by the GRAPE Strategy

Yinglu Cui et al.

Summary: This study successfully improved the robustness of PETase through a computational strategy, resulting in the redesign of a variant DuraPETase with significantly elevated melting temperature and enhanced degradation of PET films, as well as complete biodegradation of microplastics at mild temperatures. The design strategy presents opportunities for handling uncollectable PET waste and converting resulting monomers into high-value molecules.

ACS CATALYSIS (2021)

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Review Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

Biodegradation and up-cycling of polyurethanes: Progress, challenges, and prospects

Jiawei Liu et al.

Summary: This article discusses the global ranking and importance of polyurethanes, as well as their characteristics in terms of environmental factors and durability. It also highlights the need for proper disposal of polyurethane waste and the differences in polymer structure. Furthermore, it explores the discovery and application of polyurethane-degrading microbes and enzymes, as well as strategies for recycling and upcycling waste polymers.

BIOTECHNOLOGY ADVANCES (2021)

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Review Environmental Sciences

Detection and removal of microplastics in wastewater: evolution and impact

Thuhin K. Dey et al.

Summary: The pervasiveness of microplastics in aquatic ecosystems has raised concerns due to their potential negative impacts on the entire food chain. Research has shown that microplastics not only disrupt the digestive behavior of aquatic organisms but also pose health risks to humans.

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH (2021)

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Article Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

Secretory expression in Bacillus subtilis and biochemical characterization of a highly thermostable polyethylene terephthalate hydrolase from bacterium HR29

Xingxiang Xi et al.

Summary: The environmental threat of plastic waste disposal has been a major concern, and recycling PET waste into reusable materials has become a solution. This study introduced a highly efficient PETase, BhrPETase, with superior hydrolyzing activity towards amorphous PET and remarkable thermostability, making it a promising candidate for PET recycling and bioremediation applications.

ENZYME AND MICROBIAL TECHNOLOGY (2021)

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Review Microbiology

Microbial Degradation of Plastics and Approaches to Make It More Efficient

I. B. Kotova et al.

Summary: The growing production of synthetic plastics worldwide leads to increased plastic pollution, and research has shown that microbial degradation of plastics is slow but possible. Most studies focus on microbial degradation of polyethylene, polystyrene, and PET, with the most efficient process currently being the PET degradation by recombinant hydrolases from thermophilic actinobacteria. Various methods to accelerate microbial plastic degradation are also discussed.

MICROBIOLOGY (2021)

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Review Environmental Sciences

Applying machine learning approach in recycling

Merve Erkinay Ozdemir et al.

Summary: The increase in waste generation has significantly impacted human health, natural ecosystems, and ecological balance. Despite the rising recycling rates, challenges such as high expenses in waste separation persist. Machine learning plays a crucial role in improving waste recycling processes.

JOURNAL OF MATERIAL CYCLES AND WASTE MANAGEMENT (2021)

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Review Polymer Science

Bio- and oxo-degradable plastics: Insights on facts and challenges

Wael Abdelmoez et al.

Summary: The global environmental issue of single-use plastic bags made from nonbiodegradable plastics has led to a focus on the use of biodegradable materials to reduce environmental impact. While oxo-biodegradable plastics have gained attention, there is still uncertainty regarding their complete biodegradation by microorganisms.

POLYMERS FOR ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES (2021)

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Review Environmental Sciences

Plastic biodegradation: Frontline microbes and their enzymes

Ayodeji Amobonye et al.

Summary: Plastic waste poses a serious threat to the environment, causing pollution, climate change, and disruption to aquatic ecosystems. Recent research has shifted focus to the potential of biological degradation of plastics, examining the roles of microorganisms and enzymes in this process.

SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT (2021)

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Article Engineering, Environmental

Plastic recycling in a circular economy; determining environmental performance through an LCA matrix model approach

A. E. Schwarz et al.

Summary: Insights into environmental impacts of recycling and optimal recycling choices for specific plastic polymers are crucial for ensuring a circular economy for plastics. A life cycle assessment 'matrix' model was used to evaluate the environmental performance of 10 recycling technologies for the top 25 produced polymers in Europe, showing varying results depending on the polymer type. The model suggests that recycling the most demanded polymers in Europe could reduce CO2 emissions from plastics significantly.

WASTE MANAGEMENT (2021)

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Article Engineering, Environmental

Robust process for high yield conversion of non-degradable polyethylene to a biodegradable plastic using a chemo-biotechnological approach

Maciej W. Guzik et al.

Summary: The study optimized the production of medium-chain-length polyhydroxyalkanoate (mcl-PHA) using Pseudomonas putida KT2440 fed with a polyethylene (PE)-derived fatty acid mixture. The results showed high mcl-PHA yields in a 20-L setup, indicating the potential environmental advantages of processing waste PE into PHA instead of incineration.

WASTE MANAGEMENT (2021)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

The Current State of Research on PET Hydrolyzing Enzymes Available for Biorecycling

Fusako Kawai

Summary: This paper discusses the differences between thermophilic cutinases and mesophilic cutinases in PET hydrolysis. Thermophilic cutinases have a higher degradation ability in PET biorecycling due to their capability to work in high-temperature environments.

CATALYSTS (2021)

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Article Microbiology

Plastic-Degrading Potential across the Global Microbiome Correlates with Recent Pollution Trends

Jan Zrimec et al.

Summary: Utilizing global environmental DNA sampling projects and constructing hidden Markov models, we identified the potential of global microorganisms to degrade plastics and compiled a catalogue of nonredundant enzyme homologues with the ability to degrade 10 different plastic types. We found that ocean and soil enzyme abundance relates to depth and plastic pollution, and the abundance of these enzymes correlates significantly with marine and country-specific plastic pollution trends.

MBIO (2021)

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Review Engineering, Environmental

A critical review on microplastics, interaction with organic and inorganic pollutants, impacts and effectiveness of advanced oxidation processes applied for their removal from aqueous matrices

Ivo A. Ricardo et al.

Summary: Microplastics have adverse effects on ecosystems and organisms, requiring the use of various analytical tools for identification and characterization. Interaction with emerging contaminants and heavy metals is found to increase toxicity, while some treatment methods have limited effectiveness.

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL (2021)

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Article Engineering, Environmental

Weathering Plastics as a Planetary Boundary Threat: Exposure, Fate, and Hazards

Hans Peter H. Arp et al.

Summary: The weathering of plastic pollution in the marine environment poses a threat to the planetary boundary with increasing exposure, poorly reversible pollution fate processes, and potential toxicological hazards exceeding thresholds in sensitive environments. Further research is needed to understand how increasing exposure and continuous weathering processes modulate toxicological hazards and to better parameterize the planetary boundary threshold for plastic pollution.

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY (2021)

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Review Green & Sustainable Science & Technology

Critical review of global plastics stock and flow data

Chunyan Wang et al.

Summary: This review identifies data gaps and research needs in characterizing plastics stocks and flows across different lifecycle stages. The study highlights the importance of common data sharing platforms, standard methods for data reconciliation, consistent data collection, and new approaches for data curation. These findings aim to develop a comprehensive characterization of plastics stocks and flows for addressing sustainability challenges related to plastics production, consumption, waste, and pollution.

JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Biological structure and function emerge from scaling unsupervised learning to 250 million protein sequences

Alexander Rives et al.

Summary: The deep contextual language model trained through unsupervised learning on protein sequences contains information about biological properties, has a multiscale structural organization, and can be used to improve predictions for protein mutational effects, secondary structure, and long-range contacts.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (2021)

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Article Engineering, Environmental

Recycling of post-consumer plastic packaging waste in the EU: Recovery rates, material flows, and barriers

Ioannis Antonopoulos et al.

Summary: The study focuses on strategies to increase plastic waste recycling rates in Europe and identifies challenges in the current processing systems and potential improvements. By collecting data and conducting analysis, the research highlights key issues to be addressed and possible pathways for improvement in the future.

WASTE MANAGEMENT (2021)

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Review Polymer Science

A Review of Bioplastics and Their Adoption in the Circular Economy

Alberto Di Bartolo et al.

Summary: The European Union is working towards the 2050 net-zero emissions goal by implementing the European Green Deal, with a focus on the production, use, and disposal of plastic. Adoption of bioplastics is seen as a way to decouple society from fossil resources and mitigate environmental risks related to plastic waste.

POLYMERS (2021)

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Article Green & Sustainable Science & Technology

Multistage Chemical Recycling of Polyurethanes and Dicarbamates: A Glycolysis-Hydrolysis Demonstration

Pegah Zahedifar et al.

Summary: This paper reviews and experimentally studies the full recycling of polyurethanes. Combined glycolysis and hydrolysis led to an amine production yield of about 30% for model systems, demonstrating the high potential for further research through future optimization of reaction conditions and catalysis.

SUSTAINABILITY (2021)

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Article Agricultural Engineering

The degradation performance of different microplastics and their effect on microbial community during composting process

Yue Sun et al.

Summary: This study investigates the degradation characteristics of different microplastics during composting, finding that abundance and size of microplastics generally decrease post-composting. Surface erosion and cracks are observed on all microplastics, with reduced carbon content. Additionally, exposure to microplastics leads to a decrease in bacterial community richness and diversity, particularly with PVC microplastics.

BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY (2021)

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Review Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Biotechnology of Plastic Waste Degradation, Recycling, and Valorization: Current Advances and Future Perspectives

Zi-Hao Qin et al.

Summary: Biotechnology-based biodegradation of plastics offers promising potential in addressing environmental burdens and solving plastic waste issues, with recent advancements focusing on mechanisms and strategies for recycling and valorization.

CHEMSUSCHEM (2021)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Chemo-Biological Upcycling of Poly(ethylene terephthalate) to Multifunctional Coating Materials

Hee Taek Kim et al.

Summary: This study developed a chemo-biological upcycling strategy for poly(ethylene terephthalate) waste, involving PET depolymerization, biotransformation of TPA into catechol, and application as a coating agent. The process demonstrated efficient conversion of PET waste into multifunctional coating materials without the need for extensive purification or evaporation.

CHEMSUSCHEM (2021)

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Article Environmental Sciences

Microplastic contaminants in the aqueous environment, fate, toxicity consequences, and remediation strategies

Pankaj Bhatt et al.

Summary: Microplastic, as a potential marine and terrestrial pollutant, causes severe ecological problems and is closely related to health issues, requiring effective remediation through physicochemical and microbial technologies.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH (2021)

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Review Environmental Sciences

Are microplastics destabilizing the global network of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystem services?

Srinidhi Sridharan et al.

Summary: Plastic particles, including microplastics and nanoplastics, are a global concern due to their interaction with biological systems, with potential long-term impacts on ecological biomes and ecosystem services yet to be fully understood.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH (2021)

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Review Engineering, Environmental

Microplastic degradation as a sustainable concurrent approach for producing biofuel and obliterating hazardous environmental effects: A state-of-the-art review

Arjay A. Arpia et al.

Summary: Since their introduction in 1907, plastics have become omnipresent in society, leading to a ballooning global plastic production in the 20th century. After their useful life span, plastics fragment into microplastics (MPs) and pose hazardous risks to all life forms. Sustainable routes for MP degradation, such as thermodegradation and biodegradation, can help reduce and obliterate MPs in the environment, while also providing a potential solution to energy security issues. Continued research and increased awareness of the hazards of microplastics give hope for achieving sustainable development goals in the near future.

JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS (2021)

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Article Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

Tandem chemical deconstruction and biological upcycling of poly(ethylene terephthalate) to β-ketoadipic acid by Pseudomonas putida KT2440

Allison Z. Werner et al.

Summary: The study demonstrates the conversion of PET waste into beta-ketoadipic acid (beta KA) through a combination of catalytic deconstruction and biological conversion in Pseudomonas putida KT2440. The results showcase the potential of tandem catalytic approaches for upcycling waste PET into higher-value products.

METABOLIC ENGINEERING (2021)

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Article Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

Towards bio-upcycling of polyethylene terephthalate

Till Tiso et al.

Summary: With over 359 million tons of plastics produced worldwide in 2018, the challenge of managing plastic waste is evident. Recent discovery of enzymes that degrade supposedly non-biodegradable plastics has opened up opportunities for transforming the plastic recycling industry using biotechnology. This study presents a novel method for converting post-consumer PET into bioplastics, offering a solution that bypasses the expensive purification process for PET monomers and adds technological flexibility to the global issue of plastic waste management.

METABOLIC ENGINEERING (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Highly accurate protein structure prediction with AlphaFold

John Jumper et al.

Summary: Proteins are essential for life, and accurate prediction of their structures is a crucial research problem. Current experimental methods are time-consuming, highlighting the need for accurate computational approaches to address the gap in structural coverage. Despite recent progress, existing methods fall short of atomic accuracy in protein structure prediction.

NATURE (2021)

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Article Engineering, Environmental

Techno-economic assessment of mechanical recycling of challenging post-consumer plastic packaging waste

Macarena Larrain et al.

Summary: Increasing plastic recycling rates is crucial to tackle plastic pollution and reduce consumption of fossil resources. This study examines the economic feasibility of mechanical recycling for different plastic waste fractions, showing significant differences in profit potential.

RESOURCES CONSERVATION AND RECYCLING (2021)

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Review Environmental Sciences

Plastic wastes biodegradation: Mechanisms, challenges and future prospects

Sameh S. Ali et al.

Summary: The accumulation of plastic wastes is a global environmental challenge, with an urgent need for effective eco-environmental techniques. This review focuses on the role of microbes in plastic biodegradation, with emphasis on the ability of insects' gut microbial consortium to degrade synthetic plastic wastes.

SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT (2021)

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Article Engineering, Environmental

Breakthrough in polyurethane bio-recycling: An efficient laccase-mediated system for the degradation of different types of polyurethanes

Audrey Magnin et al.

Summary: The development of green, efficient, and profitable plastic recycling processes is crucial for reducing the expanding plastic pollution and accumulation of microplastics in the environment. Researchers have made significant breakthroughs in the recycling of polyurethanes, particularly in enzymatic degradation of polyether-based PU foam.

WASTE MANAGEMENT (2021)

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Article Engineering, Environmental

Contribution of microplastic particles to the spread of resistances and pathogenic bacteria in treated wastewaters

Silvia Galafassi et al.

Summary: Microplastic particles (MPs) are prevalent pollutants in aquatic ecosystems, with a significant number reaching open waters and potentially contributing to the spread of pathogenic bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes. Studies have shown that the bacterial community on MPs differs from planktonic bacteria in treated wastewater, with potentially pathogenic bacteria showing higher abundances in the latter. However, only the sul2 resistance gene was found to be more abundant in the plastisphere compared to the planktonic bacterial community.

WATER RESEARCH (2021)

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Article Polymer Science

Thermally Remendable Polyurethane Network Cross-Linked via Reversible Diels-Alder Reaction

Elena Platonova et al.

Summary: A series of thermally remendable and recyclable polyurethanes crosslinked via reversible furan-maleimide Diels-Alder reaction showed strong dependency of Young modulus on BMI content, allowing for materials with varying elasticity. The DA and retro-DA reactions between furan and maleimide were investigated by various analytical techniques, demonstrating high strengths and recyclability in at least five reprocessing cycles.

POLYMERS (2021)

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Review Chemistry, Physical

Chemical and biological catalysis for plastics recycling and upcycling

Lucas D. Ellis et al.

Summary: Plastic pollution is causing an environmental crisis, driving the development of new recycling and upcycling methods. Both chemical and biological catalysis face challenges and opportunities, requiring innovative design to overcome limitations.

NATURE CATALYSIS (2021)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Techno-economic, life-cycle, and socioeconomic impact analysis of enzymatic recycling of poly(ethylene terephthalate)

Avantika Singh et al.

Summary: Esterases play a crucial role in enzymatic PET recycling, enabling efficient depolymerization to TPA and ethylene glycol, reducing energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions, and generating more socio-economic benefits.

JOULE (2021)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Microbial synthesis of vanillin from waste poly(ethylene terephthalate)

Joanna C. Sadler et al.

Summary: This study reports a novel approach to directly upcycle post-consumer PET waste into valuable vanillin using engineered Escherichia coli. After process optimization, a conversion rate of 79% from terephthalic acid to vanillin was achieved, marking a significant improvement in yield. This work demonstrates the first biological upcycling of post-consumer plastic waste into vanillin, showcasing the potential for sustainable solutions in the plastic recycling industry.

GREEN CHEMISTRY (2021)

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Article Green & Sustainable Science & Technology

How circular are plastics in the EU?: MFA of plastics in the EU and pathways to circularity

Wan-Ting Hsu et al.

Summary: The research provides an overview of plastic flows in the EU and discusses strategies for redirecting the plastic system towards more circular pathways. It highlights the importance of improving plastic circularity by better understanding and managing plastic flows.

CLEANER ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS (2021)

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Review Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), green alternatives to petroleum-based plastics: a review

Ahmed Z. Naser et al.

Summary: Petroleum-based plastics have significant negative impacts on the environment, leading to a growing interest in alternative materials like bio-based polymers such as PLA and PHAs. The drive to reduce dependence on fossil fuels and address concerns about natural resource preservation and climate change has pushed researchers to explore the feasibility of these alternative materials. This paper provides an overview of the properties, recyclability, sustainability, and potential applications of PLA and PHAs as replacements for petroleum-based plastics.

RSC ADVANCES (2021)

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Review Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

Evaluation of biological degradation of polyurethanes

Audrey Magnin et al.

BIOTECHNOLOGY ADVANCES (2020)

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Review Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Enzymatic degradation of plant biomass and synthetic polymers

Chun-Chi Chen et al.

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CURRENT OPINION IN BIOTECHNOLOGY (2020)

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A suspension-based assay and comparative detection methods for characterization of polyethylene terephthalate hydrolases

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Recycling of European plastic is a pathway for plastic debris in the ocean

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Microbial capability for the degradation of chemical additives present in petroleum-based plastic products: A review on current status and perspectives

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Synergistic biodegradation of aromatic-aliphatic copolyester plastic by a marine microbial consortium

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Structural bioinformatics-based protein engineering of thermo-stable PETase from Ideonella sakaiensis

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Rational Protein Engineering of Thermo-Stable PETase from Ideonella sakaiensis for Highly Efficient PET Degradation

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Microplastics in wastewater treatment plants: Detection, occurrence and removal

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Plastic waste from recycling centres: Characterisation and evaluation of plastic recyclability

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Structure of the plastic-degrading Ideonella sakaiensis MHETase bound to a substrate

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Biological Valorization of Poly(ethylene terephthalate) Monomers for Upcycling Waste PET

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Microbial degradation of low-density polyethylene and synthesis of polyhydroxyalkanoate polymers

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Quality Assessment and Circularity Potential of Recovery Systems for Household Plastic Waste

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Global environmental losses of plastics across their value chains

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The impact of collection portfolio expansion on key performance indicators of the Dutch recycling system for Post-Consumer Plastic Packaging Waste, a comparison between 2014 and 2017

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Biocatalysis explained: from pharmaceutical to bulk chemical production

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Switched reaction specificity in polyesterases towards amide bond hydrolysis by enzyme engineering

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Classification of Black Plastics Waste Using Fluorescence Imaging and Machine Learning

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Thermo-Chemical Decomposition Study of Polyurethane Elastomer Through Glycerolysis Route with Using Crude and Refined Glycerine as a Transesterification Agent

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Biodegradation of Polyethylene and Plastic Mixtures in Mealworms (Larvae of Tenebrio molitor) and Effects on the Gut Microbiome

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New Insights into the Function and Global Distribution of Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET)-Degrading Bacteria and Enzymes in Marine and Terrestrial Metagenomes

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Ubiquity of polystyrene digestion and biodegradation within yellow mealworms, larvae of Tenebrio molitor Linnaeus (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)

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Efficient biodegradation of low-density polyethylene by cyanobacteria isolated from submerged polyethylene surface in domestic sewage water

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Degradation of polypropylene-poly-L-lactide blend by bacteria isolated from compost

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PpEst is a novel PBAT degrading polyesterase identified by proteomic screening of Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes

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Screening of Bacillus strains isolated from mangrove ecosystems in Peninsular Malaysia for microplastic degradation

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Environmentally friendly polymer-rubber composites obtained from waste tyres: A review

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Development of a new approach based on midwave infrared spectroscopy for post-consumer black plastic waste sorting in the recycling industry

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Mechanical and chemical recycling of solid plastic waste

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Synergistic chemo-enzymatic hydrolysis of poly(ethylene terephthalate) from textile waste

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Characterization of oxidized oligomers from polyethylene films by mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopy before and after biodegradation by a Rhodococcus rhodochrous strain

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CHEMOSPHERE (2017)

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Letter Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Polyethylene bio-degradation by caterpillars of the wax moth Galleria mellonella

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Biodegradative Activities of Selected Environmental Fungi on a Polyester Polyurethane Varnish and Polyether Polyurethane Foams

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Microbial assisted High Impact Polystyrene (HIPS) degradation

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Microbial degradation of high impact polystyrene (HIPS), an e-plastic with decabromodiphenyl oxide and antimony trioxide

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Degradation of polyester polyurethane by an indigenously developed consortium of Pseudomonas and Bacillus species isolated from soil

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Improving enzymatic polyurethane hydrolysis by tuning enzyme sorption

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POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY (2016)

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Enzymatic degradation of poly(butylene succinate) by cutinase cloned from Fusarium solani

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POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY (2016)

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Comment on A bacterium that degrades and assimilates poly(ethylene terephthalate)

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A bacterium that degrades and assimilates poly(ethylene terephthalate)

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Plastic waste in the marine environment: A review of sources, occurrence and effects

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Functional analysis of alkane hydroxylase system derived from Pseudomonas aeruginosa E7 for low molecular weight polyethylene biodegradation

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INTERNATIONAL BIODETERIORATION & BIODEGRADATION (2015)

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Effect of Pulsed Light treatment on the functional properties of casein films

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LWT-FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (2015)

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Degradation of polyurethane by bacterium isolated from soil and assessment of polyurethanolytic activity of a Pseudomonas putida strain

Yu-Huei Peng et al.

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH (2014)

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Review Engineering, Environmental

Evaluating the progress of the UK's Material Recycling Facilities: A mini review

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WASTE MANAGEMENT & RESEARCH (2014)

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Implications of a novel Pseudomonas species on low density polyethylene biodegradation: an in vitro to in silico approach

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SPRINGERPLUS (2014)

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Article Agricultural Engineering

Understanding the factors controlling the removal of trace organic contaminants by white-rot fungi and their lignin modifying enzymes: A critical review

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BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY (2013)

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Article Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

The role of the copper-binding enzyme - laccase - in the biodegradation of polyethylene by the actinomycete Rhodococcus ruber

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INTERNATIONAL BIODETERIORATION & BIODEGRADATION (2013)

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Plastics recycling: insights into life cycle impact assessment methods

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PLASTICS RUBBER AND COMPOSITES (2013)

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Review Polymer Science

Plastic Degradation and Its Environmental Implications with Special Reference to Poly(ethylene terephthalate)

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Isolation of a Novel Cutinase Homolog with Polyethylene Terephthalate-Degrading Activity from Leaf-Branch Compost by Using a Metagenomic Approach

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APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY (2012)

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Article Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

Ethylene Glycol Metabolism by Pseudomonas putida

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APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY (2012)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Degradation of Polyurethane by Aspergillus flavus (ITCC 6051) Isolated from Soil

Garima Mathur et al.

APPLIED BIOCHEMISTRY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY (2012)

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Terminology for biorelated polymers and applications (IUPAC Recommendations 2012)

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PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY (2012)

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Article Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

Biodegradation of Polyester Polyurethane by Endophytic Fungi

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APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY (2011)

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Review Biochemical Research Methods

New perspectives in plastic biodegradation

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CURRENT OPINION IN BIOTECHNOLOGY (2011)

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Monitoring the abundance of plastic debris in the marine environment

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PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY B-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES (2009)

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Marine microbe-mediated biodegradation of low- and high-density polyethylenes

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INTERNATIONAL BIODETERIORATION & BIODEGRADATION (2008)

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Enzymatic hydrolysis of lysine diisocyanate based polyurethanes and segmented polyurethane ureas by various proteases

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REACTIVE & FUNCTIONAL POLYMERS (2007)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

A review of biodegradation of synthetic plastic and foams

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APPLIED BIOCHEMISTRY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY (2007)

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Article Engineering, Environmental

A two step chemo-biotechnological conversion of polystyrene to a biodegradable thermoplastic

PG Ward et al.

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY (2006)

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Article Agricultural Engineering

Viscosity control of zein processing with sodium dodecyl sulfate

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INDUSTRIAL CROPS AND PRODUCTS (2006)

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Article Polymer Science

Enzymatic degradation of poly(ethylene terephthalate):: Rapid hydrolyse using a hydrolase from T-fusca

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MACROMOLECULAR RAPID COMMUNICATIONS (2005)

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Molecular mechanism of enantioselective proton transfer to carbon in catalytic antibody 14D9

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PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (2004)

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Poly(vinyl chloride) on the way from the 19th century to the 21st century

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JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE PART A-POLYMER CHEMISTRY (2004)

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Article Food Science & Technology

Physical properties of WPI films plasticized with glycerol, xylitol, or sorbitol

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JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE (2002)

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Review Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

Biodegradation of nylon oligomers

S Negoro

APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY (2000)

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CTX-M-type beta-lactamases: an emerging group of extended-spectrum enzymes

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