The Multifunctional Protein Syntenin-1: Regulator of Exosome Biogenesis, Cellular Function, and Tumor Progression

Syntenin acts as an adaptor and scaffold protein through its two PSD-95, Dlg, and ZO-1 (PDZ) domains, participating in multiple signaling pathways and modulating cellular physiology. It has been identified as an oncogene, promoting cancer development, metastasis, and angiogenesis in various carcinomas. Syntenin-1 is also associated with the production and release of exosomes, small extracellular vesicles that play a significant role in intercellular communication by containing bioactive molecules such as proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. The trafficking of exosomes involves a complex interplay of various regulatory proteins, including syntenin-1, which interacts with its binding partners, syndecan and activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule (ALIX). Exosomal transfer of microRNAs, a key cargo, can regulate the expression of various cancer-related genes, including syntenin-1. Targeting the mechanism involving the regulation of exosomes by syntenin-1 and microRNAs may provide a novel treatment strategy for cancer. This review highlights the current understanding of syntenin-1's role in regulating exosome trafficking and its associated cellular signaling pathways.

Automated summary

Syntenin serves as an important adaptor and scaffold protein, participating in multiple signaling pathways and modulating cellular physiology. It plays a significant role in regulating exosome trafficking and communication between cells. Targeting the regulation mechanism of exosomes by syntenin-1 and microRNAs may provide a novel treatment strategy for cancer.