Micro-Evolutionary Processes in Armeria maritima at Metalliferous Sites

Tolerance to heavy metals in plants is a model process used to study adaptations to extremely unfavorable environments. One species capable of colonizing areas with high contents of heavy metals is Armeria maritima (Mill.) Wild. A. maritima plants growing in metalliferous areas differ in their morphological features and tolerance levels to heavy metals compared to individuals of the same species growing in non-metalliferous areas. The A. maritima adaptations to heavy metals occur at the organismal, tissue, and cellular levels (e.g., the retention of metals in roots, enrichment of the oldest leaves with metals, accumulation of metals in trichomes, and excretion of metals by salt glands of leaf epidermis). This species also undergoes physiological and biochemical adaptations (e.g., the accumulation of metals in vacuoles of the root's tannic cells and secretion of such compounds as glutathione, organic acids, or HSP17). This work reviews the current knowledge on A. maritima adaptations to heavy metals occurring in zinc-lead waste heaps and the species' genetic variation from exposure to such habitats. A. maritima is an excellent example of microevolution processes in plants inhabiting anthropogenically changed areas.

Automated summary

Armeria maritima (Mill.) Wild is a plant species capable of tolerating high levels of heavy metals in unfavorable environments. It exhibits morphological variations and different levels of tolerance to heavy metals compared to individuals in non-metalliferous areas. A. maritima shows adaptations at the organismal, tissue, and cellular levels, and physiological and biochemical responses to heavy metals. This review focuses on A. maritima's adaptations and genetic variation in zinc-lead waste heaps, highlighting its role as a model for microevolution processes in plants in anthropogenically changed areas.