4.6 Review

Axes of heterogeneity in human tissue-resident memory T cells

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Summary: Tissue-resident memory CD8+ T (TRM) cells are a subset of memory T cells that are important for controlling infection. TRM cells in the small intestine and colon exhibit heterogeneity in terms of cytokine and granzyme expression, transcriptional and epigenetic regulation, and functional characteristics. The transcription factor Eomes plays a context-specific role in supporting the maintenance of established TRM cells in the small intestine but not in the colon.

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Tissue adaptation and clonal segregation of human memory T cells in barrier sites

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Summary: This study examines the differences in phenotypic, transcriptomic, clonal, and functional characteristics between tissue-resident T cells and circulating T cells in various barrier tissue sites in humans. The findings suggest that circulating T cells are more disseminated and differentiated, while tissue-resident T cells exhibit tissue-specific adaptation and clonal segregation, highlighting the importance of tissue targeting strategies for promoting barrier immunity.

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The aryl hydrocarbon receptor cell intrinsically promotes resident memory CD8+T cell differentiation and function

Joseph W. Dean et al.

Summary: Ahr acts as a promoter for the differentiation and function of resident memory CD8+ T cells. Ahr deletion diminishes a tumor resident polyfunctional CD8+ T cell population and compromises anti-tumor immunity. AHR in human intestinal intraepithelial CD8+ T cells regulates TRM differentiation and granzyme B production in vitro.

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Summary: This article highlights recent studies on cellular interactions that regulate the establishment and function of tissue resident memory T cells (T-RM). A deeper understanding of these processes is instrumental in designing new means to target T-RM for desirable outcomes in infectious diseases, cancers, and autoimmunity.

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Engagement of the costimulatory molecule ICOS in tissues promotes establishment of CD8+tissue-resident T cells

Changwei Peng et al.

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Summary: Resident memory T cells (Trms) play a crucial role in rapidly protecting tissues against invasive pathogens and are influenced by the microbiota residing within tissues. The microbiota's influence on Trms is mediated by microbial metabolites and activation of the immune response, but the actual memory potential of these cells remains unclear.

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The human liver microenvironment shapes the homing and function of CD4+ T-cell populations

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Summary: This study found that high and intermediate CD69 expressions marked human hepatic CD4(+) T-RM and a novel functionally distinct recirculating population, both shaped by the liver microenvironment to achieve diverse immunosurveillance.
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Liver-resident memory T cells: life in lockdown

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Two sides of the same coin: Protective versus pathogenic CD4+ resident memory T cells

Anna E. Oja et al.

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Tissue-resident memory CD8(+) T cells possess unique transcriptional, epigenetic and functional adaptations to different tissue environments

John T. Crowl et al.

Summary: This study investigates the diversity of gene expression and genome accessibility in mouse CD8(+) T-RM cells in different tissues, and identifies molecules critical for the generation of CD8(+) T-RM cells in response to acute viral infection. The research reveals both common and tissue-specific transcriptional and epigenetic signatures in T-RM cells from different organs. T-RM cells in the intestine and salivary glands express TGF-beta-induced genes and are maintained by ongoing TGF-beta signaling, while those in the fat, kidney, and liver do not. Furthermore, the study identifies the transcriptional repressor Hic1 as a critical regulator of T-RM cell differentiation in the small intestine, and shows that Hic1 overexpression enhances T-RM cell differentiation and protection from infection.

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Runx3 drives a CD8+ T cell tissue residency program that is absent in CD4+ T cells

Raissa Fonseca et al.

Summary: Distinct programming of tissue residency in CD8(+) and CD4(+) T-RM cell subsets is regulated by the activity of transcription factor Runx3.

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Emily Waltz

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Tissue resident memory T cells- A new benchmark for the induction of vaccine-induced mucosal immunity

Mariah Hassert et al.

Summary: Historically, the induction of neutralizing antibodies in the blood has been the gold-standard benchmark for vaccine immunogenicity. However, there is now growing recognition of the importance of mucosal immunity and tissue resident memory T cells (T-rm) in the early detection and restriction of mucosal pathogens.

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Summary: Resident memory T cells (T-RM) are a distinct type of T memory cells that stably reside in tissues and have the ability to control local immune homeostasis and participate in immune responses. They have a well-established role in pathogen immunity and potential value in antitumor immune responses and immunotherapy.

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The precursors of CD8(+) tissue resident memory T cells: from lymphoid organs to infected tissues

Lianne Kok et al.

Summary: CD8(+) tissue resident memory T cells are crucial for immune defence against pathogens and malignancies. While it was previously believed that these cells formed locally within inflamed tissue, emerging evidence suggests the existence of circulating T-RM cell precursors. This review discusses the formation of T-RM cells and the signals within the lymphoid compartment that influence their lineage decisions.

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CD4+T cells persist for years in the human small intestine and display a TH1 cytokine profile

Raquel Bartolome-Casado et al.

Summary: Studies have shown that the majority of CD4(+)T cells in the transplanted duodenum remain donor-derived resident cells after one year, with a strong cytokine-producing capability mainly as polyfunctional T(H)1 cells. This finding is important for the development of oral vaccines and therapies for gut diseases.

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Dendritic cells maintain anti-tumor immunity by positioning CD8 skin-resident memory T cells

Jennifer L. Vella et al.

Summary: Dendritic cells play a crucial role in supporting T-RM responses to melanoma, with their close interaction being essential for maintaining immune protection. Chemotaxis and adhesion mediated by the CXCR6/CXCL16 axis are critical for T-RM migration and persistence in the skin, with the interaction between CXCR6-expressing T-RM cells and CXCL16-expressing APCs being pivotal for sustaining T-RM cell-mediated tumor protection.

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Human Lung-Resident Macrophages Colocalize with and Provide Costimulation to PD1hi Tissue-Resident Memory T Cells

Mark E. Snyder et al.

Summary: EVLP is used to study the spatial and functional relationship between human lung tissue-resident memory T cells and lung-resident macrophages. Human lung T-RM and M-LR colocalize preferentially around the airways, and CD8(+) T(RM) show two functionally distinct populations based on PD1 and ZNF683 protein expression. M-LR provide costimulation signaling to T-RM, enhancing their effector function.

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Competition for Active TGFβ Cytokine Allows for Selective Retention of Antigen-Specific Tissue-Resident Memory T Cells in the Epidermal Niche

Toshiro Hirai et al.

Summary: TGF-beta is essential for the differentiation of skin-recruited CD8(+) T cells into epidermal resident memory T cells and their persistence in the epidermis. Competition for active TGF-beta among T cells promotes the accumulation and long-term persistence of antigen-specific Trm cells in the epidermal niche.

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Human intestinal tissue-resident memory T cells comprise transcriptionally and functionally distinct subsets

Michael E. B. FitzPatrick et al.

Summary: This study investigates the transcriptional, phenotypic, and functional heterogeneity of human intestinal CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-RM cells using donor-derived T-RM cells from intestinal transplant recipients. Single-cell transcriptional profiling identifies two transcriptional states of CD8(+) T-RM cells, delineated by ITGAE and ITGB2 expression. The results describe the differential expression of cytotoxicity- and residency-associated genes in these populations, highlighting the complexity of T-RM cell diversity in the human intestine.

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Tissue-resident CD4+ T helper cells assist the development of protective respiratory B and CD8+ T cell memory responses

Young Min Son et al.

Summary: The study reveals a population of tissue-resident helper T cells in the lung, termed as T-RH cells, which play a critical role in promoting the development of protective B cell and CD8(+) T cell responses. These T-RH cells are dependent on transcription factors BCL6 and Bhlhe40 and deliver local help to CD8(+) T cells through IL-21-dependent mechanisms.

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Influenza, but not SARS-CoV-2, infection induces a rapid interferon response that wanes with age and diminished tissue-resident memory CD8+ T cells

Thi H. O. Nguyen et al.

Summary: The study found that aging leads to a decrease in a specific subset of memory CD8(+) T cells in lung tissue, which results in a weakened antiviral immune response to influenza virus in older donors. However, exposure of human lung cells to SARS-CoV-2 did not activate local immune cells or induce an early interferon response in donors of any age.

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Peter A. Szabo et al.

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Maya M. L. Poon et al.

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Donor NK and T Cells in the Periphery of Lung Transplant Recipients Contain High Frequencies of Killer Cell Immunoglobulin-Like Receptor-Positive Subsets

Anna-Maria Hitz et al.

Summary: In the early post-transplant period after double lung transplantation, higher frequencies of donor NK and T cells expressing KIR in the recipient blood suggest a potential regulatory role in immune balance and graft survival. Higher activation levels of donor NK and T cells also indicate their pre-activation status during the transplantation process.

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Karolina Okla et al.

Summary: Tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM) reside in peripheral tissues, patrol their surroundings, and rapidly respond to alarming signals. These features enable them to potentially serve as critical players in antitumor surveillance and immunity.

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Expansible residence decentralizes immune homeostasis

Sathi Wijeyesinghe et al.

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Grace E. Ryan et al.

Summary: Tissue resident memory T cells (TRM) play a crucial role in the immune system by providing immediate and specific responses against pathogens re-infecting peripheral tissues. However, they have also been found to contribute to autoimmune diseases, where self-antigens continuously activate self-reactive TRM T cells, leading to destructive outcomes. This article focuses on how TRMs mediate disease in autoimmune skin conditions, such as vitiligo, psoriasis, cutaneous lupus erythematosus, alopecia areata, and frontal fibrosing alopecia.

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Michelle Miron et al.

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