Chronology, composition, and mineralogy of mare basalts in the junction of Oceanus Procellarum, Mare Imbrium, Mare Insularum, and Mare Vaporum

The timeline of volcanic activity is critical for constraining the thermal evolution of the Moon. The spatial extents of mare basalts, major products of lunar volcanism, have been precisely extracted from LROC (Lunar Recon-naissance Orbiter Camera) image mosaics. With the maria extents newly extracted from LROC mosaics, we found that a large area of mare basalts in the junction of Oceanus Procellarum, Mare Imbrium, Mare Insularum, and Mare Vaporum (the PIV region) has not yet been dated. This study analysed the chronology, composition, and mineralogy of the PIV region, aiming to finish the picture of basaltic volcanism in the Procellarum region, which is a key puzzle of our global geological mapping of the Moon. According to the topographical, spectral, and compositional characteristics, mare units of the PIV region are defined, and the crater size frequency distribution is measured. The primary craters with diameters >0.1 km in the PIV region are measured, and the absolute model ages of basalt units between-3.78 Ga and-1.71 Ga are derived. Most western PIV basalt units are Eratosthenian-aged, while eastern units mostly formed in the Imbrian period. The spectra of 4965 small impact craters are extracted to interpret the mineral compositions of the PIV basalt units using Chandrayaan-1 Moon Mineralogy Mapper data. Using a Modified Gaussian Model, the reflectance spectra are deconvoluted, and the obtained modal proportions of mafic minerals show low olivine and high low-Ca pyroxene abundances in the eastern PIV region, while the western region features high olivine and calcic pyroxene concentrations. Three episodes of volcanic events occurring in the PIV region are identified. The first (main) occurred at approximately 3.5 Ga (Late Imbrian), with erupted lava flows with less evolved compositions covering most of the PIV area. The peak of volcanic activity in the Eratosthenian period occurred around 2.5 Ga, where mare basalts with moderately evolved compositions and mineralogy were formed. The last major eruption occurred at approxi-mately 1.8 Ga, forming mare basalts with highly evolved compositions.

Automated summary

The timeline of volcanic activity on the Moon is crucial for understanding its thermal evolution. This study focuses on the basaltic volcanism in the Procellarum region and analyzes its chronology, composition, and mineralogy. The results reveal three major episodes of volcanic events occurring approximately 3.5 Ga, 2.5 Ga, and 1.8 Ga.