Eocene-Oligocene glaciation on a high central Tibetan Plateau

The nature of glaciation (bipolar vs. unipolar) during the Eocene-Oligocene transition (EOT) remains unresolved. Here, we report the occurrence of frost marks, ice-rafted debris (IRD), and glendonites from the Upper Eocene to Lower Oligocene Niubao Formation (Fm.) deposited in a proglacial lake above glaciolacustrine conglomerates and diamictite facies in the Lunpola Basin, central Tibetan Plateau (CTP). Magnetostratigraphy dates these cryo-spheric deposits to ca. 36.2-31.8 Ma, synchronous with a stratigraphic interval containing IRD offshore of SE Greenland and in the Barents, Chukchi, and Laptev Seas, suggesting strong continental-oceanic coupling. Our results provide robust continental evidence for intermittent cryospheric processes in the midlatitude Northern Hemisphere during the late Eocene and EOT. The global cold snap EOT-1 influenced already glacierized high-altitude mountains, lowering equilibrium line altitudes (ELAs) of glaciers and leading to local de-velopment of ice fields, ice caps, and valley glaciers with proglacial lake systems, such as the one recorded in the Niubao Fm. The record of IRD, glendonites, and frost marks before the onset of EOT-1 points to an active cryosphere on a plateau already elevated by ca. 36.2 Ma.

Automated summary

Intermittent cryospheric processes occurred in the midlatitude Northern Hemisphere during the late Eocene and Eocene-Oligocene transition, as evidenced by the presence of frost marks, ice-rafted debris (IRD), and glendonites in the Lunpola Basin of the central Tibetan Plateau. These cryospheric deposits, dated to approximately 36.2-31.8 Ma, provide robust continental evidence for the influence of the global cold snap EOT-1 on already glacierized high-altitude mountains, resulting in the development of ice fields, ice caps, and valley glaciers with proglacial lake systems.