4.3 Review

Recent advances in the understanding of urothelial tumorigenesis

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Castration immunoregulates toll-like receptor-4 in male bladder cancer

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Summary: TLR-4 expression in urothelial cells is modulated by castration and plays a role in cancer suppression and enhancement of immune response to BCG.

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RNF144A deficiency promotes PD-L1 protein stabilization and carcinogen-induced bladder tumorigenesis

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BUB1 drives the occurrence and development of bladder cancer by mediating the STAT3 signaling pathway

Ning Jiang et al.

Summary: The study revealed that increased expression of BUB1 in human bladder cancer was associated with the activation of STAT3 signaling. Inhibition of BUB1 kinase activity effectively suppressed BCa cell proliferation and cancer progression both in vitro and in vivo. The BUB1/STAT3 complex played a critical role in promoting the transcription of STAT3 target genes, highlighting the potential of BUB1 as a therapeutic target for bladder cancer treatment.

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CircRNAs: Emerging Bladder Cancer Biomarkers and Targets

Zhaofeng Liang et al.

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Junhua Luo et al.

Summary: Techniques like reduced representation bisulfite sequencing and RNA sequencing were used to identify differentially methylated regions and expressed genes in bladder cancer tissues. The study found that hypermethylated lncRNAs, such as LINC00683 and MSC-AS1, could serve as potential prognostic biomarkers for bladder cancer.

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Summary: This review discusses the presence of unfavorable genetic alterations in the FGFR3 gene in 20% of advanced bladder cancer patients and explores the potential therapeutic strategies targeting these alterations and mechanisms of drug resistance. It also highlights the clinical findings of combining FGFR inhibition with other targeted inhibitors and/or immunotherapy to improve outcomes for patients with suboptimal responses to FGFR3-directed monotherapy.

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