Photochemically generated ionic species for cationic and step-growth polymerizations

Developing innovative photochemical methods for the purpose of attaining green chemistry and mitigating global warming has recently become a very important concept. While we have to move towards a more sustainable world, daily life is becoming increasingly dependent on the use of polymeric materials. Conventional thermal polymerization systems fail to fulfill the requirements of sustainable chemistry, resulting in an increase in energy demand. This article outlines cationic and step-growth polymerizations of various monomers initiated by different photochemically generated ionic species and their advantages over conventional polymerization systems. Typical examples of photoinduced cationic and step-growth polymerizations performed under UV, visible and near-infrared (NIR) light are summarized under two main categories; direct and indirect initiating systems. In direct initiating systems the use of commercially available and structurally modified onium salts as one-component photoinitiators for both polymerizations are summarized. Indirect initiating systems, proceeding through i) photoinduced electron/energy transfer (PET), ii) charge-transfer complexation and iii) free-radical promoted cationic polymerization (FRPCP), are summarized with a focus on the recent step-growth methods developed in our laboratory.

Automated summary

Developing innovative photochemical methods to achieve green chemistry and mitigate global warming is of great importance. Daily life depends heavily on the use of polymeric materials, but conventional thermal polymerization systems fail to meet the requirements of sustainable chemistry, leading to increased energy demand. This article summarizes the advantages of cationic and step-growth polymerizations initiated by different photochemically generated ionic species compared to conventional polymerization systems. Examples of photoinduced cationic and step-growth polymerizations under UV, visible, and near-infrared light are categorized into direct and indirect initiating systems, and the use of commercially available and structurally modified onium salts as photoinitiators in both polymerizations is discussed. Indirect initiating systems, including photoinduced electron/energy transfer, charge-transfer complexation, and free-radical promoted cationic polymerization, are summarized focusing on recent step-growth methods developed in the authors' laboratory.