Tools and opportunities for African swine fever control in wild boar and feral pigs: a review

The native Eurasian wild boar (Sus scrofa) is a relevant wildlife host for African swine fever (ASF) virus, contributing to infection maintenance and spread and representing a challenge for disease control. Combining published scientific evidence with expert opinion, we provide an updated global overview of ASF control in wild boar and feral pigs in different epidemiological scenarios. We synthesize current knowledge on key background aspects of wild boar ecology and management and on ASF epidemiology in wild boar and their relative, the feral pig. We propose that establishing a proper surveillance and monitoring scheme is a requisite for disease control in wildlife and that ASF and wild boar should be monitored in an integrated way, considering the changes in the host population as well as the spatial spread and temporal distribution of disease indicators, to make possible a critical assessment of the impact of interventions. The main body of the manuscript reviews the intervention options and ASF control attempts and their outcomes in different epidemiological situations from peacetime to endemicity. Current ASF control in wild boar relies on three essential tools: carcass destruction, wild boar culling, and fencing. The experience gained since the onset of the ongoing ASF pandemic shows that certain combinations of interventions can slow down ASF spread and eventually succeed in ASF eradication in wild boar, at least after point introductions. Several strengths and weaknesses of these strategies are identified.

Automated summary

This article provides an updated global overview on African swine fever (ASF) control in wild boar and feral pigs, taking into account published scientific evidence and expert opinions. A proper surveillance and monitoring scheme is proposed as a requisite for disease control in wildlife, and ASF and wild boar should be monitored in an integrated way. The intervention options and outcomes are reviewed, highlighting the importance of carcass destruction, wild boar culling, and fencing in controlling ASF in wild boar.