A new classification and regression tree algorithm: Improved diagnostic sensitivity for HCC? 3.0 cm using gadoxetate disodium-enhanced MRI

Purpose: To develop and validate an effective algorithm, based on classification and regression tree (CART) analysis and LI-RADS features, for diagnosing HCC <= 3.0 cm with gadoxetate disodium-enhanced MRI (Gd-EOB-MRI).Method: We retrospectively included 299 and 90 high-risk patients with hepatic lesions <= 3.0 cm that underwent Gd-EOB-MRI from January 2018 to February 2021 in institution 1 (development cohort) and institution 2 (validation cohort), respectively. Through binary and multivariate regression analyses of LI-RADS features in the development cohort, we developed an algorithm using CART analysis, which comprised the targeted appearance and independently significant imaging features. On per-lesion basis, we compared the diagnostic performances of our algorithm, two previously reported CART algorithms, and LI-RADS LR-5 in development and validation cohorts.Results: Our CART algorithm, presenting as a decision tree, included targetoid appearance, HBP hypointensity, nonrim arterial phase hyperenhancement (APHE), and transitional phase hypointensity plus mild-moderate T2 hyperintensity. For definite HCC diagnosis, the overall sensitivity of our algorithm (development cohort 93.2%, validation cohort 92.5%; P < 0.006) was significantly higher than those of Jiang's algorithm modified LR-5 (defined as targetoid appearance, nonperipheral washout, restricted diffusion, and nonrim APHE) and LI-RADS LR-5, with the comparable specificity (development cohort: 84.3%, validation cohort: 86.7%; P >= 0.006). Our algorithm, providing the highest balanced accuracy (development cohort: 91.2%, validation cohort: 91.6%), outperformed other criteria for identifying HCCs from non-HCC lesions.Conclusions: In high-risk patients, our CART algorithm developed with LI-RADS features showed promise for the early diagnosis of HCC <= 3.0 cm with Gd-EOB-MRI.

Automated summary

In this study, a CART algorithm was developed and validated for the diagnosis of HCC <= 3.0 cm using Gd-EOB-MRI. The algorithm showed promise for early diagnosis of HCC in high-risk patients, with higher sensitivity and specificity compared to other criteria.