Implications of CO2 emissions on the main land and forest uses in the Brazilian Amazon

The emission of soil carbon dioxide (CO2) in agricultural areas is a process that results from the interaction of several factors such as climate, soil, and land management practices. Agricultural practices directly affect the carbon dynamics between the soil and atmosphere. Herein, we evaluated the temporal variability (2020/2021 crop season) of soil CO2 emissions and its relationship with related variables, such as the CO2 flux model, enhanced vegetation index (EVI), gross primary productivity (GPP), and leaf area index (LAI) from orbital data and soil temperature, soil moisture, and soil CO2 emissions from in situ collections from native forests, productive pastures, degraded pastures, and areas of high-yield potential soybean and low-yield potential soybean pro-duction. A significant influence (p < 0.01) was observed for all variables and between the different land uses and occupation types. September and October had lower emissions of soil CO2 and low means of soil moisture and soil temperature, and no differences were observed among the treatments. On the other hand, there was a sig-nificant effect of the CO2 flux model in productive pastures, high-yield potential soybean areas, and low-yield potential soybean areas. The months with the highest CO2 flux values in the model, regardless of land use and land cover, were October and November, which is the beginning of the rainy season. There were positive correlations between soil CO2 emissions and GPP (0.208), LAI (0.354), EVI (0.363), and soil moisture (0.280) and negative correlations between soil CO2 emissions and soil temperature (_ 0.240) and CO2 flux model (_ 0.314) values. Land use and land cover showed negative correlations with these variables, except for the CO2 flux model variable. Soil CO2 emission values were lower for high-yield potential soybean areas (averages from 0.834 to 6.835 mu mol m_ 2 s_ 1) and low-yield potential soybean areas (from 0.943 to 5.686 mu mol m_ 2 s_ 1) and higher for native forests (from 2.279 to 8.131 mu mol m_ 2 s_ 1), whereas the opposite was true for the CO2 flux model.

Automated summary

The emission of soil CO2 in agricultural areas is influenced by climate, soil, and land management practices. This study evaluated the temporal variability of soil CO2 emissions and its relationship with various variables in different land uses. The results showed significant effects of these variables, with lower emissions in September and October and higher emissions in productive pastures and soybean production areas in October and November. There were positive correlations between soil CO2 emissions and GPP, LAI, EVI, and soil moisture, while negative correlations were found between soil CO2 emissions and soil temperature and CO2 flux model values.