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Article
Energy & Fuels
Xing Zhang et al.
Summary: A novel strategy was proposed to produce diesel-like liquid fuel from lignin-derived bio-oil and plant/animal oil through hydrodeoxygenation-in situ esterification. The utilization of both aromatic units and -OCH3 groups of lignin was achieved. Model compounds, guaiacol and lauric acid, successfully produced cyclohexyl laurate and methyl laurate, satisfying the biodiesel standard. The yield of esters reached 112.5 mol % with nearly complete conversion of guaiacol. The presence of an additional -OCH3 group hindered the formation of cyclohexanol while increasing the yield of methanol. Lignin-derived dimers were also efficiently converted into diesel-like liquid fuel rich in esters and cycloalkanes.
Review
Energy & Fuels
Guray Yildiz et al.
Summary: For the co-processing of pyrolysis-based biocrudes within petroleum refineries, catalytic fast pyrolysis (CFP) can ensure the removal of oxygen and changes in oxygen functionalities in the resulting CFP-oil, making it suitable for co-feeding in FCC units and/or for co-hydrotreatment (co-HT) with gas oils. However, poor results of CFP of biomass have been observed, mainly due to catalyst deactivation and poisoning. This review analyzes the research efforts on the in-and ex situ CFP of biomass and highlights the key operational aspects and performance of continuously operated CFP units.
Editorial Material
Energy & Fuels
Christian Lindfors et al.
Article
Energy & Fuels
James R. Keiser et al.
Summary: The selection of corrosion-resistant and cost-effective structural materials for biomass-derived oil production, upgrading, and storage has been extensively studied in our laboratory. The wide variety of biomass resources and liquefaction techniques result in products with diverse properties. This paper discusses the materials challenges in three distinct areas. Austenitic stainless steels have generally performed well in the production process at temperatures ranging from 350 to 550 degrees C, although issues such as thicker oxide scales and intergranular attack have been observed. For storage and transport of bio-oil products, organic acids present in the raw bio-oils can cause corrosion to carbon and low-alloy steels. Furthermore, certain subsequent processing methods can lead to corrosion of common austenitic stainless steels during exposure to sulfidizing gas at elevated temperatures. The study identifies cost-effective and sufficiently corrosion-resistant materials for each environment.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Donia Bouzouita et al.
Summary: Hydrocracking of heavy feeds into middle distillate products can be achieved through co-processing bio-feeds with vacuum gas oil. This study investigates the impact of bio-liquids on conversion and selectivity of middle distillate products.
APPLIED CATALYSIS B-ENVIRONMENTAL
(2022)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Niklas Bergvall et al.
Summary: Kraft lignin can be converted to liquid products suitable for downstream refining through slurry hydroprocessing experiments. The modified batch procedure used in this study provided better results compared to regular batch experiments by avoiding unwanted repolymerization and condensation reactions. Mo-sulfide catalyst, sulfided bauxite, and hematite catalysts showed high conversion rates, with Fe-based catalysts being a potentially cost-effective alternative for the slurry-based hydroconversion process.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Michael D. Kass et al.
Summary: The compatibility of fast-pyrolysis bio-oil with elastomer and plastic materials commonly used in fuel storage and delivery systems was studied. Elastomers showed significant swelling in the bio-oil, especially fluorocarbons and acrylonitrile rubbers. In contrast, plastic materials were less affected by the bio-oil due to their denser and more rigid molecular structures.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Cheng Zhu et al.
Summary: The coprocessing of biocrudes with petroleum streams has potential for renewable fuel production, but can cause catalyst deactivation. This study investigated the deactivation modes of a hydrotreating catalyst used for coprocessing biocrude with diesel. It was found that catalyst deactivation was mainly attributed to fouling by carbonaceous species and metal contaminants from biocrudes.
Article
Energy & Fuels
James E. Lee et al.
Summary: This study explores the impact of decolorization techniques on the radiocarbon content of different fuel types, emphasizing the need for caution when assessing biofuel blend levels.
Article
Energy & Fuels
David C. Dayton et al.
Summary: This study investigates the hydrotreating of biocrude produced by reactive catalytic fast pyrolysis (RCFP), which can be upgraded or coprocessed to produce gasoline- and diesel-range hydrocarbons. Results show that catalyst deactivation occurs during hydrotreating, but at a slower rate during coprocessing tests.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Tomasz Janosik et al.
Summary: Forest-based biofuels are being developed and deployed in several countries. The use of fast pyrolysis bio-oil, produced from sawdust for example, has been tested in commercial trials by co-processing it in refinery units. However, current application is limited to about 10% of the total feed, and additional processing is necessary to maximize the potential of this feedstock. Different methods have been developed in the past decade to address the challenges in stabilizing and upgrading fast pyrolysis bio-oil. Another approach involves complete dewatering of the bio-oil using azeotropic distillation, followed by conversion of hydroxyl compounds via esterification methodology using renewable tall oil fatty acids.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Helene Lutz et al.
Summary: Co-feeding biogenic feeds in fluid catalytic cracking units is a cost-effective way to produce biogenic fuels and comply with the increasing target of renewable energy in transportation. This study focuses on the processability and quality of bio-liquids derived from pinewood, particularly the gasoline fractions. The results show that the quality of the partially biogenic gasoline is not significantly affected by the tested parameters, indicating the potential of the co-FCC process to ensure high biofuel contents in commercially available fuels.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Tijs M. Lammens
Summary: Co-processing fast pyrolysis bio-oil (FPBO) in conventional oil refineries, particularly in fluid catalytic cracker (FCC) units, is a cost-effective method to produce advanced biofuels and reduce reliance on fossil fuels. Tracking biogenic carbon through the refinery process is crucial for co-processing and has implications for the environmental impact assessment. This study assessed various methods to determine the biogenic content of products derived from FCC co-processing of FPBO and found that, despite differences in calculation methods, all methods qualify biogasoline as an advanced biofuel with high potential for reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Kamaldeep Sharma et al.
Summary: Co-processing of hydrothermal liquefaction bio-crudes with existing refineries requires a prior hydrotreating step due to their incompatibility caused by higher oxygen content. This study investigated the compatibility and solubility behavior of Spirulina biocrude and hydrotreated samples with straight-run gas oil (SRGO) and rapeseed oil (RO). The results showed that the degree of hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) is directly related to the compatibility, and a severe HDO (>90%) is essential for enhanced solubility.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Balaji Sridharan et al.
Summary: The combination of molten salts and pyrolysis is considered a promising route for producing renewable biofuels. By using molten salts to convert woody biomass into liquid hydrocarbon products, researchers have achieved a low oxygen content. The experimental studies showed positive results, indicating the potential of this method.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Eleni Heracleous et al.
Summary: Hydrothermal liquefaction can convert sewage sludge into biocrude with high energy content and chemical complexity. The study demonstrates the successful upgrading of biocrude through a two-stage hydrotreatment process, greatly improving the quality of the oil. The upgraded oil can be blended with intermediate refinery streams for further processing into compliant fuels.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Mieke Nieder-Heitmann et al.
Summary: To achieve the European Commission's target, waste biomass resources should be used for advanced biofuel production. The nature of the waste feedstock affects the value chain configuration and process design. A hub-and-spoke configuration is recommended to overcome transport and storage difficulties of biogenic waste.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Daniel M. Santosa et al.
Summary: Fast pyrolysis and catalytic fast pyrolysis are promising methods for converting lignocellulosic biomass into liquid bio-oils. Coprocessing these bio-oils with petroleum feedstocks reduces capital expenditure and enables fast adoption of the technologies and biofuels.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Kristian Melin et al.
Summary: A new route for upgrading black liquor from the kraft process to hybrid gasoline is presented. The process involves hydrothermal liquefaction, removal of alkaline metal salts, hydro-deoxygenation, and coprocessing with vacuum gas oil. High deoxygenation is beneficial for cracking the refined crude oil into gasoline fractions. By limiting the percentage of added pretreated biocrude, high naphtha yields can be maintained.
Editorial Material
Energy & Fuels
Hongwei Wu
Article
Energy & Fuels
Michael Talmadge et al.
Summary: NREL and Petrobras collaborated to assess the economic feasibility of co-processing bio-oils with fossil feedstocks in petroleum refinery unit operations. Experimental results showed potential for bio-oil co-processing to be economically attractive for petroleum refiners under certain conditions.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Anja Oasmaa et al.
