Self-Healing Concrete: Concepts, Energy Saving and Sustainability

The production of cement accounts for 5 to 7% of carbon dioxide emissions in the world, and its broad-scale use contributes to climate imbalance. As a solution, biotechnology enables the cultivation of bacteria and fungi for the synthesis of calcium carbonate as one of the main constituents of cement. Through biomineralization, which is the initial driving force for the synthesis of compounds compatible with concrete, and crystallization, these compounds can be delivered to cracks in concrete. Microencapsulation is a method that serves as a clock to determine when crystallization is needed, which is assisted by control factors such as pH and aeration. The present review addresses possibilities of working with bioconcrete, describing the composition of Portland cement, analysis methods, deterioration, as well as environmental and energetic benefits of using such an alternative material. A discussion on carbon credits is also offered. The contents of this paper could strengthen the prospects for the use of self-healing concrete as a way to meet the high demand for concrete, contributing to the building of a sustainable society.

Automated summary

The production of cement contributes to climate imbalance by emitting 5 to 7% of global carbon dioxide emissions. Biotechnology offers a solution by cultivating bacteria and fungi to synthesize calcium carbonate as a main component of cement. Bioconcrete can be delivered to concrete cracks through biomineralization and crystallization, assisted by microencapsulation that determines when crystallization is needed. This review explores the composition of Portland cement, analysis methods, deterioration, and the environmental and energetic benefits of using bioconcrete, as well as discussing the concept of carbon credits. The findings strengthen the potential of self-healing concrete in meeting the high demand for concrete and building a sustainable society.