4.7 Review

The expanding incretin universe: from basic biology to clinical translation

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Review Endocrinology & Metabolism

Beyond the pancreas: contrasting cardiometabolic actions of GIP and GLP1

Rola Hammoud et al.

Summary: Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP1) have incretin activity and play important roles in regulating glucose and lipid metabolism beyond the pancreas. They also have effects on weight loss, atherosclerosis, cardiorenal protection, and other physiological processes. Understanding the mechanisms of GIP and GLP1 action can lead to the development of new treatments for obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus.

NATURE REVIEWS ENDOCRINOLOGY (2023)

Review Endocrinology & Metabolism

Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Receptor-based Therapeutics for Metabolic Liver Disease

Julian M. Yabut et al.

Summary: Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) plays a significant role in improving liver health and is associated with the treatment of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and obesity using GLP-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RA). GLP-1RA can reduce hepatic inflammation, steatosis, and fibrosis. They also decrease appetite and body weight, reduce lipoprotein secretion, and attenuate systemic and tissue inflammation, thus contributing to the improvement of metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD).

ENDOCRINE REVIEWS (2023)

Article Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Semaglutide 2.4 mg once weekly in patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis-related cirrhosis: a randomised, placebo-controlled phase 2 trial

Rohit Loomba et al.

Summary: The efficacy and safety of the glucagon-like peptide-1 analogue semaglutide in patients with NASH and compensated cirrhosis were investigated in this study. The results showed that semaglutide did not significantly improve fibrosis or achieve NASH resolution. The importance of this study lies in providing insights into the effects of this medication in NASH and compensated cirrhosis.

LANCET GASTROENTEROLOGY & HEPATOLOGY (2023)

Article Nutrition & Dietetics

Weight loss did not modify macronutrient specific response of hormones and satiety in overweight and obese people without metabolic disease- results from a clinical trial

Linna Li et al.

Summary: This study examined the hormonal and satiety response to meals with different macronutrient composition in overweight and obese individuals before and after weight loss. The results showed macronutrient specific response patterns of GLP-1, GIP, and insulin, which were partially disrupted after weight loss. Despite the changes in hormone levels, the macronutrient specific response pattern remained unchanged.

CLINICAL NUTRITION (2022)

Article Endocrinology & Metabolism

Differential Risk of Cancer Associated with Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists: Analysis of Real-world Databases

Jiasheng Wang et al.

Summary: This study found that GLP1Ra users have a lower risk of prostate, lung, and colon cancer, but a higher risk of thyroid cancer. Additionally, with longer duration of GLP1Ra use, the risk of prostate, lung, and colon cancer further decreased.

ENDOCRINE RESEARCH (2022)

Article Endocrinology & Metabolism

A pilot clinical study to Evaluate Liraglutide-mediated Anti-platelet activity in patients with type-2 Diabetes (ELAID study)

Jayasree Loganathan et al.

Summary: This study evaluated the antiplatelet effect of liraglutide in T2DM patients without macrovascular disease or concurrent anti-platelet therapy. The results showed a significant, early and transient decrease in maximum slope of platelet aggregation in the liraglutide-treated group compared to the placebo group. However, the clinical significance of this effect is currently unknown and may require further investigation.

JOURNAL OF DIABETES AND ITS COMPLICATIONS (2022)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Tirzepatide cardiovascular event risk assessment: a pre-specified meta-analysis

Naveed Sattar et al.

Summary: This meta-analysis study on Tirzepatide included 7 randomized controlled trials, and the findings suggest that using Tirzepatide in patients with T2D does not increase the risk of major cardiovascular events.

NATURE MEDICINE (2022)

Article Clinical Neurology

Effects of Semaglutide on Stroke Subtypes in Type 2 Diabetes: Post Hoc Analysis of the Randomized SUSTAIN 6 and PIONEER 6

W. David Strain et al.

Summary: This post hoc analysis found that GLP-1 RA drug semaglutide can reduce stroke risk in patients with type 2 diabetes, especially the risk of small-vessel occlusion, compared to placebo.

STROKE (2022)

Review Endocrinology & Metabolism

GLP-1 physiology informs the pharmacotherapy of obesity

Daniel J. Drucker

Summary: GLP1RA is an effective drug for the treatment of type 2 diabetes and has potential for obesity treatment. GLP-1 reduces food intake and body weight in both animals and humans, and its mechanisms of action have been extensively studied. GLP-1-based therapies may become important options for the treatment of obesity and its complications.

MOLECULAR METABOLISM (2022)

Article Endocrinology & Metabolism

Glucose- and Bile Acid-Stimulated Secretion of Gut Hormones in the Isolated Perfused Intestine Is Not Impaired in Diet-Induced Obese Mice

Jenna E. Hunt et al.

Summary: This study suggests that altered circulating gut hormone levels in obesity are unlikely to be caused by decreased secretion from gut mucosal cells or extra-intestinal processing of hormones, as the enteroendocrine morphology and hormone secretion capacity were largely unaffected in DIO mice.

FRONTIERS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY (2022)

Article Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists and neuroinflammation: Implications for neurodegenerative disease treatment

Katherine O. Kopp et al.

Summary: Chronic neuroinflammation is a key feature of neurodegenerative diseases, and targeting this inflammation has not been effectively utilized in clinical treatments. The risk of inflammation and neurodegenerative diseases is associated with type 2 diabetes and insulin resistance, suggesting that alleviating diabetes pathology may help treat neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. GLP-1 is a hormone that promotes healthy insulin signaling and has shown anti-inflammatory, neurotrophic, and neuroprotective properties in preclinical neurodegenerative disease models.

PHARMACOLOGICAL RESEARCH (2022)

Article Cell Biology

Tanycytes control hypothalamic liraglutide uptake and its anti-obesity actions

Monica Imbernon et al.

Summary: Liraglutide is transported to the hypothalamus by specialized ependymoglial cells called tanycytes, bypassing the blood-brain barrier. Silencing GLP1R in tanycytes or inhibiting tanycytic transport blocks the effects of liraglutide on hypothalamic neurons and its anti-obesity effects.

CELL METABOLISM (2022)

Article Endocrinology & Metabolism

Glucagon-like Peptide-1 receptor Tie2+cells are essential for the cardioprotective actions of liraglutide in mice with experimental myocardial infarction

Brent A. McLean et al.

Summary: GLP-1R is expressed in endocardial cells in mouse hearts and in atrial and ventricular cardiomyocytes in human hearts. The expression of GLP-1R in endothelial cells plays a cardioprotective role in the context of acute myocardial infarction. However, there is no transcriptional response of GLP-1R in the ventricular tissue after acute myocardial infarction in mice.

MOLECULAR METABOLISM (2022)

Review Endocrinology & Metabolism

Use of GLP-1 Receptor Agonists and Occurrence of Thyroid Disorders: a Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

Weiting Hu et al.

Summary: The meta-analysis found that the use of GLP-1 receptor agonists was associated with an increased risk of overall thyroid disorders, but had no significant effects on the occurrence of thyroid cancer, hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, thyroiditis, thyroid mass, and goiter. Subgroup and meta-regression analyses did not show any significant correlation with underlying diseases, type of control, or trial durations on the effect of GLP-1 receptor agonists on overall thyroid disorders.

FRONTIERS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY (2022)

Letter Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems

Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Regulates Thromboxane-Induced Activation

Katherine N. Cahil et al.

JACC-BASIC TO TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE (2022)

Article Cell Biology

Divergent roles for the gut intraepithelial lymphocyte GLP-1R in control of metabolism, microbiota, and T cell-induced inflammation

Chi Kin Wong et al.

Summary: Gut intraepithelial lymphocytes play a key role in regulating gut microbiota and inflammation, but not glucose and lipid metabolism.

CELL METABOLISM (2022)

Article Endocrinology & Metabolism

GIP Affects Hepatic Fat and Brown Adipose Tissue Thermogenesis but Not White Adipose Tissue Transcriptome in Type 1 Diabetes

Sebastian Moller Nguyen Heimburger et al.

Summary: In men with type 1 diabetes, a 6-day subcutaneous GIP infusion transiently decreased bone resorption and increased NEFA and beta-oxidation. Further, hepatic fat content and supraclavicular skin temperature were increased without affecting WAT transcriptomics, the circulating proteome, lipids, or inflammatory markers.

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ENDOCRINOLOGY & METABOLISM (2022)

Review Neurosciences

The neuroprotective effects of glucagon-like peptide 1 in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease: An in-depth review

Niklas Reich et al.

Summary: Currently, there is a lack of disease-modifying treatments for Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. However, GLP-1 mimetics have shown neuroprotective effects in preclinical studies, making them a promising treatment option for these diseases.

FRONTIERS IN NEUROSCIENCE (2022)

Article Endocrinology & Metabolism

Genetic disruption of the Gipr in Apoe-/- mice promotes atherosclerosis

Gemma Pujadas et al.

Summary: The loss of GIPR signaling in mice leads to increased aortic atherosclerosis and enhanced inflammation in the aorta and liver, despite reduced weight gain and preserved glucose homeostasis. These findings indicate that GIPR has a broader role in suppressing inflammation-related pathophysiology beyond its classical incretin role in metabolic control.

MOLECULAR METABOLISM (2022)

Review Endocrinology & Metabolism

Revisiting the Complexity of GLP-1 Action from Sites of Synthesis to Receptor Activation

Brent A. McLean et al.

Summary: GLP-1 is produced in gut endocrine cells and in the brain to regulate islet function, satiety, and gut motility. However, there are challenges in determining direct vs indirect actions of GLP-1, as well as the technical difficulty in reliable detection of GLP-1R.

ENDOCRINE REVIEWS (2021)

Article Endocrinology & Metabolism

Plasma levels of glucagon but not GLP-1 are elevated in response to inflammation in humans

Justyna Modrzynska et al.

Summary: The study indicated that glucagon concentrations increase during inflammation, while GLP-1 concentrations remain stable. Additionally, acute systemic inflammation results in elevated glucagon levels, which may contribute to impaired glucose control in patients with systemic inflammatory diseases.

ENDOCRINE CONNECTIONS (2021)

Article Endocrinology & Metabolism

Amino acids differ in their capacity to stimulate GLP-1 release from the perfused rat small intestine and stimulate secretion by different sensing mechanisms

Ida Marie Modvig et al.

Summary: This study aimed to explore individual amino acid-stimulated GLP-1 responses and the underlying mechanisms, as well as to identify the amino acid-sensing receptors involved in amino acid-stimulated GLP-1 release. Using isolated perfused rat small intestines, the research found that amino acids differ in their capacity to stimulate GLP-1 secretion and that CaSR plays a crucial role in sensing absorbed amino acids for GLP-1 release.

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM (2021)

Article Cell Biology

The glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) regulates body weight and food intake via CNS-GIPR signaling

Qian Zhang et al.

Summary: The activation or inhibition of the glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor (GIPR) for the treatment of obesity remains uncertain. Studies show that CNS Gipr plays a key role in controlling energy metabolism, with activation or inhibition having significant effects on body weight and glucose metabolism.

CELL METABOLISM (2021)

Article Endocrinology & Metabolism

Oral semaglutide improves postprandial glucose and lipid metabolism, and delays gastric emptying, in subjects with type 2 diabetes

Kirsten Dahl et al.

Summary: Oral semaglutide significantly improved both fasting and postprandial glucose and lipid metabolism, and delayed gastric emptying in subjects with type 2 diabetes. However, one serious adverse event (acute myocardial infarction) did occur during the treatment.

DIABETES OBESITY & METABOLISM (2021)

Article Medicine, General & Internal

Once-Weekly Semaglutide in Adults with Overweight or Obesity

John P. H. Wilding et al.

Summary: The study demonstrates that for individuals with obesity, once-weekly use of 2.4 mg semaglutide in combination with lifestyle intervention can lead to sustained and clinically relevant weight loss, with significant improvements in cardiometabolic risk factors and physical functioning reported by participants.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2021)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

GIP mediates the incretin effect and glucose tolerance by dual actions on α cells and β cells

K. El et al.

Summary: The study reveals that GIP enhances amino acid-stimulated glucagon secretion and plays a role in insulin secretion by promoting paracrine alpha to beta cell communication. Loss of GIPR activity in alpha cells prevents glucagon secretion in response to a meal stimulus, affecting insulin secretion and leading to glucose intolerance.

SCIENCE ADVANCES (2021)

Review Endocrinology & Metabolism

Cardiovascular, mortality, and kidney outcomes with GLP-1 receptor agonists in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials

Naveed Sattar et al.

Summary: The meta-analysis showed that GLP-1 receptor agonists can reduce the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events, all-cause mortality, hospital admission for heart failure, and worsening kidney function in patients with type 2 diabetes, regardless of structural homology.

LANCET DIABETES & ENDOCRINOLOGY (2021)

Review Medicine, General & Internal

Reagents and models for detecting endogenous GLP1R and GIPR

Julia Ast et al.

Summary: GLP1R and GIPR are important targets for diabetes and obesity treatment, but little is known about their localization and detection. The low abundance of GLP1R and GIPR, along with a lack of specific reagents, complicates the understanding of their mechanisms of action in target organs.

EBIOMEDICINE (2021)

Article Medicine, Research & Experimental

Differential importance of endothelia and hematopoietic cell GLP-1Rs for cardiometabolic versus hepatic actions of semaglutide

Brent A. McLean et al.

Summary: This study demonstrates that GLP-1R in endothelial or hematopoietic cells is dispensable for the antiatherogenic actions of GLP-1RA, but Tie2-targeted GLP-1R(+) cells are required for a subset of the antiinflammatory actions of semaglutide in the liver.

JCI INSIGHT (2021)

Article Medicine, General & Internal

A Placebo-Controlled Trial of Subcutaneous Semaglutide in Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis

Philip N. Newsome et al.

Summary: This phase 2 trial demonstrated that treatment with semaglutide resulted in a significantly higher percentage of patients with NASH resolution compared to placebo in patients with NASH, but did not show a significant between-group difference in the percentage of patients with an improvement in fibrosis stage.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2021)

Article Cell Biology

Gut-brain communication by distinct sensory neurons differently controls feeding and glucose metabolism

Diba Borgmann et al.

Summary: Distinct gut-innervating sensory neurons play differential roles in controlling feeding and glucoregulation, with some vagal afferents influencing meal termination and glucose tolerance through GLP1R activation, while others mainly regulate hepatic glucose production and normoglycemia through GPR65 expression.

CELL METABOLISM (2021)

Article Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems

Effect of Liraglutide on Arterial Inflammation Assessed as [18F]FDG Uptake in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial

Rasmus S. Ripa et al.

Summary: In this study, liraglutide did not change vascular inflammation in patients with type 2 diabetes. While there may be a potential effect in individuals with a history of cardiovascular disease, the overall results did not show a significant impact.

CIRCULATION-CARDIOVASCULAR IMAGING (2021)

Article Endocrinology & Metabolism

GIP Receptor Agonism Attenuates GLP-1 Receptor Agonist-Induced Nausea and Emesis in Preclinical Models

Tito Borner et al.

Summary: GIPR signaling blocks emesis and attenuates illness behaviors induced by GLP-1R activation while maintaining reduced food intake, weight loss, and improved glucose tolerance. The hindbrain AP/NTS is crucial for processing GLP-1R ligand-induced effects on food intake and weight suppression, as well as emetic stimuli.

DIABETES (2021)

Article Medicine, General & Internal

Tirzepatide versus Semaglutide Once Weekly in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes

Juan P. Frias et al.

Summary: The study showed that Tirzepatide was both noninferior and superior to Semaglutide in terms of the mean change in glycated hemoglobin levels for patients with type 2 diabetes over 40 weeks. Additionally, reductions in body weight were greater with Tirzepatide compared to Semaglutide, with similar rates of gastrointestinal adverse events reported in both groups.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2021)

Review Medicine, Research & Experimental

Cardiorenal mechanisms of action of glucagon-like-peptide-1 receptor agonists and sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors

David Z. I. Cherney et al.

Summary: CVOTs for GLP1RA and SGLT2i show that these drugs reduce rates of major adverse cardiovascular events and have protective effects on kidney and heart function, making them promising therapies for both people with and without type 2 diabetes.
Article Cell Biology

The gut microbiota regulates hypothalamic inflammation and leptin sensitivity in Western diet-fed mice via a GLP-1R-dependent mechanism

Christina N. Heiss et al.

Summary: Mice lacking a microbiota are protected from diet-induced obesity. Depletion of gut microbiota attenuates diet-induced hypothalamic inflammation and enhances leptin sensitivity through GLP-1R-dependent mechanisms.

CELL REPORTS (2021)

Article Endocrinology & Metabolism

Central and peripheral GLP-1 systems independently suppress eating

Daniel I. Brierley et al.

Summary: GLP-1 suppresses eating through independent gut-brain circuits, with PPG(NTS) neurons not being necessary for the eating suppression effects of GLP-1 receptor agonists. Concurrent activation of PPG(NTS) neurons can more effectively suppress eating than using semaglutide alone.

NATURE METABOLISM (2021)

Article Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems

Glucagon-like peptide 1 levels predict cardiovascular risk in patients with acute myocardial infarction

Florian Kahles et al.

EUROPEAN HEART JOURNAL (2020)

Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Evaluation of the incretin effect in humans using GIP and GLP-1 receptor antagonists

Laerke S. Gasbjerg et al.

PEPTIDES (2020)

Article Endocrinology & Metabolism

GLP-1 secretion is regulated by IL-6 signalling: a randomised, placebo-controlled study

Helga Ellingsgaard et al.

DIABETOLOGIA (2020)

Article Medicine, Research & Experimental

Cardioprotective GLP-1 metabolite prevents ischemic cardiac injury by inhibiting mitochondrial trifunctional protein-α

M. Ahsan Siraj et al.

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL INVESTIGATION (2020)

Article Endocrinology & Metabolism

The effect of dulaglutide on stroke: an exploratory analysis of the REWIND trial

Hertzel C. Gerstein et al.

LANCET DIABETES & ENDOCRINOLOGY (2020)

Editorial Material Endocrinology & Metabolism

Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma Surveillance Study: A Case-Series Registry

Paula M. Hale et al.

THYROID (2020)

Article Endocrinology & Metabolism

The gut hormone receptor GIPR links energy availability to the control of hematopoiesis

Gemma Pujadas et al.

MOLECULAR METABOLISM (2020)

Article Medicine, Research & Experimental

Tirzepatide is an imbalanced and biased dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist

Francis S. Willard et al.

JCI INSIGHT (2020)

Review Endocrinology & Metabolism

Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor co-agonists for treating metabolic disease

Laurie L. Baggio et al.

MOLECULAR METABOLISM (2020)

Article Medicine, Research & Experimental

Gs/Gq signaling switch in β cells defines incretin effectiveness in diabetes

Okechi S. Oduori et al.

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL INVESTIGATION (2020)

Article Medicine, Research & Experimental

Semaglutide lowers body weight in rodents via distributed neural pathways

Sanaz Gabery et al.

JCI INSIGHT (2020)

Article Endocrinology & Metabolism

Optimized GIP analogs promote body weight lowering in mice through GIPR agonism not antagonism

Piotr A. Mroz et al.

MOLECULAR METABOLISM (2019)

Article Medicine, Research & Experimental

Glucagon lowers glycemia when β cells are active

Megan E. Capozzi et al.

JCI INSIGHT (2019)

Article Endocrinology & Metabolism

GIP regulates inflammation and body weight by restraining myeloid-cell-derived S100A8/A9

Fernanda Dana Mantelmacher et al.

NATURE METABOLISM (2019)

Article Cell Biology

Anti-obesity effects of GIPR antagonists alone and in combination with GLP-1R agonists in preclinical models

Elizabeth A. Killion et al.

SCIENCE TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE (2018)

Article Cell Biology

Insulin Secretion Depends on Intra- islet Glucagon Signaling

Berit Svendsen et al.

CELL REPORTS (2018)

Article Endocrinology & Metabolism

GLP-1 Receptor Expression Within the Human Heart

Laurie L. Baggio et al.

ENDOCRINOLOGY (2018)

Article Endocrinology & Metabolism

The autonomic nervous system and cardiac GLP-1 receptors control heart rate in mice

Laurie L. Baggio et al.

MOLECULAR METABOLISM (2017)

Article Medicine, General & Internal

GLP-1 Levels Predict Mortality in Patients with Critical Illness as Well as End-Stage Renal Disease

Corinna Lebherz et al.

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2017)

Review Physiology

Enteroendocrine Cells: Chemosensors in the Intestinal Epithelium

Fiona M. Gribble et al.

ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYSIOLOGY, VOL 78 (2016)

Review Cell Biology

The Cardiovascular Biology of Glucagon-like Peptide-1

Daniel J. Drucker

CELL METABOLISM (2016)

Article Endocrinology & Metabolism

Successful weight loss maintenance includes long-term increased meal responses of GLP-1 and PYY3-36

Eva W. Iepsen et al.

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ENDOCRINOLOGY (2016)

Article Endocrinology & Metabolism

Peptide YY and glucagon-like peptide-1 contribute to decreased food intake after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery

M. S. Svane et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OBESITY (2016)

Article Medicine, General & Internal

Effects of Liraglutide on Clinical Stability Among Patients With Advanced Heart Failure and Reduced Ejection Fraction A Randomized Clinical Trial

Kenneth B. Margulies et al.

JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION (2016)

Article Medicine, General & Internal

Liraglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes

Steven P. Marso et al.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2016)

Article Endocrinology & Metabolism

Increased GIP signaling induces adipose inflammation via a HIF-1α-dependent pathway and impairs insulin sensitivity in mice

Shu Chen et al.

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM (2015)

Article Endocrinology & Metabolism

Incretin Effect After Oral Amino Acid Ingestion in Humans

Ola Lindgren et al.

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ENDOCRINOLOGY & METABOLISM (2015)

Article Medicine, Research & Experimental

Neuronal GLP1R mediates liraglutide's anorectic but not glucose-lowering effect

Stephanie Sisley et al.

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL INVESTIGATION (2014)

Article Gastroenterology & Hepatology

The effect of exogenous GLP-1 on food intake is lost in male truncally vagotomized subjects with pyloroplasty

Astrid Plamboeck et al.

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-GASTROINTESTINAL AND LIVER PHYSIOLOGY (2013)

Article Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems

A Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Analog Reverses the Molecular Pathology and Cardiac Dysfunction of a Mouse Model of Obesity

Mohammad Hossein Noyan-Ashraf et al.

CIRCULATION (2013)

Article Medicine, Research & Experimental

Exenatide and the treatment of patients with Parkinson's disease

Iciar Aviles-Olmos et al.

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL INVESTIGATION (2013)

Article Cell Biology

Unimolecular Dual Incretins Maximize Metabolic Benefits in Rodents, Monkeys, and Humans

Brian Finan et al.

SCIENCE TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE (2013)

Article Endocrinology & Metabolism

Glucose-Dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide Receptors in Most Gastroenteropancreatic and Bronchial Neuroendocrine Tumors

Beatrice Waser et al.

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ENDOCRINOLOGY & METABOLISM (2012)

Article Endocrinology & Metabolism

Exenatide Exerts a Potent Antiinflammatory Effect

Ajay Chaudhuri et al.

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ENDOCRINOLOGY & METABOLISM (2012)

Article Cell Biology

GLP-2 receptors in human disease: High expression in gastrointestinal stromal tumors and Crohn's disease

Meike Koerner et al.

MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR ENDOCRINOLOGY (2012)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

A Novel Human-Based Receptor Antagonist of Sustained Action Reveals Body Weight Control by Endogenous GLP-1

James T. Patterson et al.

ACS CHEMICAL BIOLOGY (2011)

Article Endocrinology & Metabolism

Impaired Regulation of the Incretin Effect in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes

Jonatan I. Bagger et al.

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ENDOCRINOLOGY & METABOLISM (2011)

Editorial Material Immunology

The Immunological Genome Project: networks of gene expression in immune cells

Tracy S. P. Heng et al.

NATURE IMMUNOLOGY (2008)

Article Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging

GLP-1 receptor expression in human tumors and human normal tissues:: Potential for in vivo targeting

Meike Koerner et al.

JOURNAL OF NUCLEAR MEDICINE (2007)

Article Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Glucagon-like peptide-2 inhibits antral emptying in man, but is not as potent as glucagon-like peptide-1

CF Nagell et al.

SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY (2004)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor is involved in learning and neuroprotection

MJ During et al.

NATURE MEDICINE (2003)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Inhibition of gastric inhibitory polypeptide signaling prevents obesity

K Miyawaki et al.

NATURE MEDICINE (2002)