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Infectious Diseases
P. Arora et al.
LANCET INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2023)
Letter
Medicine, General & Internal
Jing Zou et al.
Summary: Participants who received three doses of BNT162b2 vaccine were given either a fourth dose or a bivalent vaccine containing BA.4-BA.5 mRNA; the latter group showed higher neutralization against omicron variants.
NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE
(2023)
Letter
Medicine, General & Internal
Meredith E. Davis-Gardner et al.
Summary: One or two monovalent vaccine boosters resulted in a significant decrease in neutralization activity against omicron subvariants. The BA.5-containing bivalent booster improved neutralizing activity against all omicron subvariants.
NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE
(2023)
Letter
Medicine, General & Internal
Ai-ris Y. Collier et al.
NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE
(2023)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Suzanne M. Scheaffer et al.
Summary: Bivalent vaccines induce broad immune responses against SARS-CoV-2 and its variants, offering a customizable approach to protect against COVID-19 as new strains emerge.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Delphine Planas et al.
Summary: Convergent evolution of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.2, BA.4, and BA.5 lineages have led to the emergence of several new subvariants, including BA.2.75.2, BA.4.6, and BQ.1.1. These subvariants carry additional mutations in the spike protein, potentially increasing transmissibility and evading immune responses. The study found that the efficacy of monoclonal antibodies and serum from vaccinated individuals against these subvariants varies.
NATURE COMMUNICATIONS
(2023)
Article
Microbiology
Panke Qu et al.
Summary: The emergence of new Omicron subvariants, including BQ.1, BQ.1.1, BA.4.6, BF.7, and BA.2.75.2, has shown enhanced neutralization resistance against sera from vaccinated healthcare workers and COVID-19 patients. The mutations N460K, K444T, and F486S play a significant role in driving the increased neutralization resistance of these subvariants. These findings provide insights into the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron subvariants.
CELL HOST & MICROBE
(2023)
Letter
Infectious Diseases
Prerna Arora et al.
LANCET INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2023)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Wanwisa Dejnirattisai et al.
Summary: On November 24, 2021, the sequence of a new SARS-CoV-2 variant, Omicron-B.1.1.529, was announced. Compared to previous variants, Omicron has a higher number of mutations in the Spike (S) protein. Serum neutralization of Omicron by individuals vaccinated or previously infected with Alpha, Beta, Gamma, or Delta variants is significantly reduced or ineffective. Third vaccine doses can boost neutralization titers against Omicron, and high titers are observed in both vaccinated individuals and those infected with the Delta variant. Most potent monoclonal antibodies and antibodies under development are unable to effectively neutralize Omicron due to mutations in its Spike protein. Omicron has structural changes compared to earlier viruses and utilizes mutations that enhance its binding to ACE2, allowing for immune escape. This results in a large number of mutations in the ACE2 binding site and a rebalancing of receptor affinity similar to earlier pandemic viruses.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Zhen Cui et al.
Summary: The Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 is spreading rapidly worldwide due to its increased fitness, with spike structures that maintain stability for receptor recognition but compromise viral fusion efficiency. By altering amino acids and structures, it evades recognition by most antibodies, facilitating immune escape. The research sheds light on conserved regions for the development of broad-spectrum vaccines.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Yapeng Su et al.
Summary: Post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC) is an emerging global crisis, and the quantifiable risk factors and biological associations are not well understood. In this study, a deep multi-omic investigation was conducted on 309 COVID-19 patients, and four PASC-anticipating risk factors were identified at the time of initial diagnosis. The study also observed changes in immune states during recovery from COVID-19.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Elisabetta Cameroni et al.
Summary: The Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 has raised concerns due to its 37 amino acid substitutions in the spike protein, particularly in the receptor-binding domain (RBD), leading to increased binding affinity with human ACE2. Neutralizing activity against Omicron was greatly reduced in convalescent and vaccinated individuals compared to the ancestral virus, but this decrease was less significant after a third vaccine dose. Broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibodies recognizing conserved RBD epitopes may be crucial in combating the Omicron variant and future zoonotic transmissions.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Raquel Viana et al.
Summary: The SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in southern Africa has experienced three distinct waves, driven by different variants. The recently identified Omicron variant has rapidly spread in South Africa and to numerous countries, raising global concern.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Lihong Liu et al.
Summary: The B.1.1.529/Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2, initially detected in southern Africa, has rapidly spread globally and is expected to become dominant due to its enhanced transmissibility in the coming weeks. This variant poses a threat to the efficacy of current COVID-19 vaccines and antibody therapies due to its significant antibody resistance. Even individuals who have received vaccines and booster doses may have reduced neutralizing activity against B.1.1.529.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Eddy Perez-Then et al.
Summary: The study found that a BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine booster can enhance neutralizing antibodies against the Omicron variant in individuals who received two doses of the CoronaVac vaccine, but antibody titers remain lower compared to the ancestral virus and the Delta variant.
Review
Cell Biology
Brandon Malone et al.
Summary: The molecular basis and complexity of coronavirus RNA-synthesizing machinery is still not fully understood. Recent research has focused on deciphering and understanding the structures, functions, and interactions of the subunits involved in SARS-CoV-2 replication and transcription. Both viral and host factors play a crucial role in coordinating RNA translation, replication, and transcription, making them potential targets for antiviral therapy.
NATURE REVIEWS MOLECULAR CELL BIOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Dhiraj Mannar et al.
Summary: The newly reported Omicron variant shows new salt bridges and hydrogen bonds formed by mutated residues in the receptor binding domain, compensating for reduced ACE2 binding affinity. It also exhibits increased antibody evasion, which likely contributes to its rapid spread.
Article
Immunology
Xun Wang et al.
Summary: This study found that the Omicron variant is highly resistant to neutralization by sera from convalescents or individuals vaccinated with two doses of inactivated whole-virion vaccines. However, a homologous or heterologous booster significantly increased neutralization titers. Additionally, the Omicron variant resists most monoclonal antibodies targeting distinct epitopes. These findings highlight the importance of pushing forward booster vaccinations to combat emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants.
EMERGING MICROBES & INFECTIONS
(2022)
Article
Microbiology
Jingwen Ai et al.
Summary: This study compared the neutralization efficacy of vaccine-induced or monoclonal antibodies against different sub-lineages of the Omicron variant. The results showed that current vaccines have low neutralization activity, but both homologous and heterologous boosters significantly improved neutralization titers. The study also found that most monoclonal antibodies lost their neutralizing activity, while some demonstrated distinct neutralization patterns among Omicron sub-lineages, indicating antigenic differences.
CELL HOST & MICROBE
(2022)
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Cristina Menni et al.
Summary: This study investigated the differences in symptom prevalence, risk of hospital admission, and symptom duration between omicron and delta variants of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The study found that loss of smell was less common in omicron infections, sore throat was more common, and the rate of hospital admission was lower.
News Item
Infectious Diseases
Sharmila Devi
LANCET INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2022)
Letter
Medicine, General & Internal
Jingyou Yu et al.
Summary: Although immunity from two doses of BNT162b2 vaccine diminishes over time, a booster dose significantly enhances the neutralizing antibodies against both the BA.1 and BA.2 variants.
NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE
(2022)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Matthew McCallum et al.
Summary: The SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant evades antibody-mediated immunity and exhibits enhanced affinity for host cells due to accumulation of spike mutations and remodeling of interactions with the ACE2 receptor.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Tongqing Zhou et al.
Summary: In this study, the cryo-electron microscopy structures of the B.1.1.529 (Omicron) variant of SARS-CoV-2 were determined, and receptor binding domain (RBD) antibodies were evaluated for their ability to bind and neutralize this variant. The study found that certain monoclonal antibodies still retained substantial inhibitory activity and identified combinations of antibodies with synergistic neutralization.
Editorial Material
Medicine, General & Internal
Catherine McLean Pirkle
BMJ-BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL
(2022)
Letter
Medicine, General & Internal
Emi Takashita et al.
NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE
(2022)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Linjie Li et al.
Summary: The study reveals the differences in binding affinities between the four early sub-variants of the Omicron variant and human ACE2 receptor, providing insights into the structural basis for these differences.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Aekkachai Tuekprakhon et al.
Summary: The Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 has rapidly spread globally and has evolved into different sublineages, with BA.4 and BA.5 dominating in South Africa. These sublineages show reduced neutralization by vaccine and naturally immune serum, indicating the possibility of repeat Omicron infections.
Review
Microbiology
Hao Zhou et al.
Summary: The SARS-CoV-2 virus is continuously evolving and mutating, with the emergence of the highly mutated and transmissible Omicron variant. This variant evades protection from vaccines and antibody-based therapies, but is sensitive to certain antiviral drugs. Understanding the virology and immune mechanisms of the Omicron variant is crucial for developing effective vaccines and treatments.
CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY REVIEWS
(2022)
Review
Infectious Diseases
Daniele Focosi et al.
Summary: This paper reviews the use of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) targeting the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 in the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and discusses their therapeutic effects, structural classification, immune escape, and limitations. It also explores the impact of the Omicron variant on treatment strategies and potential future developments for improved outcomes.
LANCET INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2022)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Qian Wang et al.
Summary: SARS-CoV-2 Omicron subvariants BA.2.12.1 and BA.4/5 have become dominant in the United States and South Africa, raising concerns about their ability to evade neutralizing antibodies and compromise the efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines and therapeutic monoclonals. A systematic antigenic analysis reveals that BA.2.12.1 and BA.4/5 have different levels of resistance to antibodies, with BA.2.12.1 being modestly resistant and BA.4/5 being substantially resistant. Certain mutations in the spike protein facilitate antibody escape, but compromise the spike affinity for the viral receptor. Only bebtelovimab retains full potency against both subvariants.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Yunlong Cao et al.
Summary: Omicron sublineages BA.2.12.1, BA.4 and BA.5 have higher transmissibility and increased evasion of neutralizing antibodies compared to the BA.2 lineage. They exhibit similar binding affinities to the ACE2 receptor as BA.2. BA.1 infection after vaccination boosts humoral immune memory against wild-type SARS-CoV-2, but these antibodies are largely evaded by BA.2 and BA.4/BA.5 variants.
Letter
Medicine, General & Internal
Nicole P. Hachmann et al.
Summary: A small study found that omicron subvariants BA.2.12.1, BA.4, and BA.5 of SARS-CoV-2 were more likely to evade neutralizing antibodies induced by both vaccination and previous infection compared to the prior omicron subvariants BA.1 and BA.2.
NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE
(2022)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
John E. Bowen et al.
Summary: The Omicron variant of concern, characterized by numerous spike mutations, exhibits enhanced binding to ACE2, reduced fusogenicity, and reduced neutralizing activity against plasma induced by infection or vaccines. However, booster doses based on the Wuhan-Hu-1 spike sequence significantly increase neutralizing antibody titers and breadth against multiple Omicron sublineages.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Khadija Khan et al.
Summary: The SARS-CoV-2 Omicron sub-lineages BA.4 and BA.5, first identified in South Africa, have mutations in the spike receptor binding domain compared to BA.1. Experimental results show that BA.4 and BA.5 have reduced neutralization against BA.1 in unvaccinated individuals, but this effect is less pronounced in vaccinated individuals.
NATURE COMMUNICATIONS
(2022)
Letter
Infectious Diseases
Chee-Wah Tan et al.
Article
Microbiology
Yunlong Cao et al.
Summary: The newly emerged SARS-CoV-2 Omicron subvariant, BA.2.75, has shown a growth advantage over other circulating variants in India. This study reveals that BA.2.75 has a higher affinity for the host receptor ACE2 and exhibits increased low-pH-endosomal cell entry. It also demonstrates reduced evasion of humoral immunity from certain convalescent plasma, while showing a distinct neutralizing antibody escape pattern. These findings suggest that BA.2.75 may become the dominant variant following BA.4/BA.5.
CELL HOST & MICROBE
(2022)
Article
Microbiology
Panke Qu et al.
Summary: The newly emerged BA.2.75 variant of SARS-CoV-2 has 9 additional mutations in its spike protein compared to the ancestral BA.2 variant. It shows enhanced resistance to neutralizing antibodies, primarily due to the G446S and N460K mutations. Additionally, BA.2.75 exhibits enhanced cell-cell fusion, driven mainly by the N460K mutation.
CELL HOST & MICROBE
(2022)
Article
Microbiology
Qian Wang et al.
Summary: The newly emerged SARS-CoV-2 Omicron subvariant BA.2.75 exhibits moderate resistance to neutralization by sera from vaccinated/boosted individuals compared to the currently circulating BA.2, but is more sensitive than BA.4/5. BA.2.75 shows heightened resistance to class 1 and class 3 monoclonal antibodies targeting the spike-receptor-binding domain, while gaining sensitivity to class 2 antibodies. The resistance is mainly conferred by two mutations. BA.2.75 also shows slight resistance to a therapeutic antibody with potent activity against all Omicron subvariants. Additionally, BA.2.75 exhibits higher binding affinity to the host receptor ACE2 compared to other Omicron subvariants.
CELL HOST & MICROBE
(2022)
Article
Infectious Diseases
Qian Wang et al.
LANCET INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2022)
Letter
Infectious Diseases
Fanchong Jian et al.
LANCET INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2022)
Letter
Infectious Diseases
Daniel J. Sheward et al.
LANCET INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2022)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Spyros Chalkias et al.
Summary: The study suggests that a bivalent COVID-19 vaccine as a booster can induce potent and broad antibody responses against multiple viral variants, providing a new tool to respond to emerging variants.
Letter
Medicine, General & Internal
Nicole P. Hachmann et al.
Summary: Neutralization titers against omicron subvariant BA.4.6 were lower compared to subvariants BA.4 and BA.5 induced by infection or vaccination against SARS-CoV-2.
NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE
(2022)
Letter
Medicine, General & Internal
Xiaoying Shen et al.
NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE
(2022)
News Item
Medicine, General & Internal
Gareth Iacobucci
BMJ-BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL
(2022)
News Item
Medicine, General & Internal
Elisabeth Mahase
BMJ-BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL
(2022)
Article
Immunology
Alexander Muik et al.
Science Immunology
(2022)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Sho Iketani et al.
Summary: The identification of the Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 in Botswana in November 2021 sparked concern due to the spike protein alterations that could potentially evade antibodies. Further studies showed that the Omicron sublineages, BA.1+R346K and BA.2, are antigenically similar to the wild-type virus and pose similar risks to the effectiveness of current vaccines. BA.2 also demonstrated resistance to many neutralizing monoclonal antibodies, highlighting the challenges in developing effective therapeutic options.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Wanwisa Dejnirattisai et al.
Summary: Antibodies play a crucial role in immune protection against SARS-CoV-2, with some being used as therapeutics. A study identified 377 human monoclonal antibodies, focusing on 80 that bind the virus spike, and found that most highly inhibitory antibodies can block the virus-receptor interaction. Novel binding modes of potent inhibitory antibodies were discovered, showing potential for prophylactic or therapeutic use in animal models.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Emma C. Thomson et al.
Summary: SARS-CoV-2 virus can mutate and evade immunity, with mutations like N439K conferring resistance against neutralizing monoclonal antibodies and enhancing binding affinity to hACE2 receptor. Despite similar in vitro replication fitness and clinical outcomes compared to wild type, N439K mutation highlights the importance of ongoing molecular surveillance for guiding vaccine and therapeutic development and usage.
Article
Microbiology
Gabriele Cerutti et al.
Summary: Structural analysis revealed that seven potent NTD-directed neutralizing antibodies target a common surface on NTD, forming a single supersite different from the recognition pattern of RBD-directed antibodies.
CELL HOST & MICROBE
(2021)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Dami A. Collier et al.
Summary: The B.1.1.7 variant of SARS-CoV-2 exhibited reduced neutralization by vaccines and antibodies from recovered COVID-19 patients, with a more substantial loss seen when introducing the E484K mutation. This mutation poses a threat to the efficacy of the BNT162b2 vaccine.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Matthew McCallum et al.
Summary: The transmission of SARS-CoV-2 leads to the emergence of variants, such as the B.1.617.2 (Delta) variant, which dampens the in vitro potency of vaccine-elicited serum neutralizing antibodies. Mutations in the B.1.617.1 (Kappa) and Delta spike glycoproteins alter key antigenic sites, affecting the recognition by monoclonal antibodies. The angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 binding affinities of Kappa and Delta are comparable to the Wuhan-Hu-1 isolate, while Delta+ exhibits significantly reduced affinity.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Matthew McCallum et al.
Summary: The study identifies 41 human monoclonal antibodies that recognize the N-terminal domain of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and exhibit strong neutralizing activity. These antibodies inhibit cell-to-cell fusion, activate effector functions, and protect animals from virus challenge, highlighting the importance of NTD-specific neutralizing antibodies for protective immunity and vaccine development. Several SARS-CoV-2 variants with mutations in the NTD supersite suggest ongoing selective pressure on the virus.
Article
Infectious Diseases
Erik Boehm et al.
Summary: Many new variants of SARS-CoV-2 have been identified as variants of concern/interest due to increased transmissibility, severity, immune escape, and reduced vaccine efficacy. These variants often share similar mutations, such as N501Y and E484K, which lead to partial immune escape, decreased vaccine efficacy, and potentially increased severity.
CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND INFECTION
(2021)
Review
Microbiology
Seyed Hamid Safiabadi Tali et al.
Summary: This paper provides a comprehensive review of technologies and methods used for detecting SARS-CoV-2 during the COVID-19 pandemic, including molecular, antigen-based, and immunological point-of-care testing, diagnostic imaging techniques, and biomarkers. The importance of timing and type of specimen collection is emphasized, along with suggestions for future pandemic preparedness.
CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY REVIEWS
(2021)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Xing Zhu et al.
Summary: The UK variant of SARS-CoV-2 with the N501Y mutation shows increased infectivity due to tighter binding with the ACE2 receptor, but without significant structural changes. Important neutralization epitopes in the spike receptor binding domain are retained.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Meng Yuan et al.
Summary: Mutations in the RBS residues of new variant strains of the coronavirus can affect the binding and neutralizing effects of antibodies, but have little impact on antibodies targeting more conserved neutralizing sites.
Review
Microbiology
Philip V'kovski et al.
Summary: This review discusses key aspects of coronavirus biology and their implications for SARS-CoV-2 infections, treatment, and prevention strategies. Understanding virus-host interactions at the molecular level is crucial for developing effective intervention strategies. Summarizing the discoveries of SARS-CoV-2 infection and comparing it with other coronaviruses will support future preparedness and combat strategies.
NATURE REVIEWS MICROBIOLOGY
(2021)
Editorial Material
Gastroenterology & Hepatology
Fei Xiao et al.
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Chaolin Huang et al.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Daniel Wrapp et al.
Article
Gastroenterology & Hepatology
Lei Pan et al.
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY
(2020)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Markus Hoffmann et al.
Article
Microbiology
Daolin Tang et al.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Tyler N. Starr et al.
Review
Medicine, General & Internal
W. Joost Wiersinga et al.
JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION
(2020)
Editorial Material
Medicine, General & Internal
Michael Klompas et al.
JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION
(2020)
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Bin Chen et al.
SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION AND TARGETED THERAPY
(2020)
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Zi-Wei Ye et al.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES
(2020)
Review
Medicine, General & Internal
Mustafa Hasoksuz et al.
TURKISH JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES
(2020)
Review
Microbiology
Jie Cui et al.
NATURE REVIEWS MICROBIOLOGY
(2019)
Review
Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology
Alimuddin Zumla et al.
NATURE REVIEWS DRUG DISCOVERY
(2016)
Review
Microbiology
Emmie de Wit et al.
NATURE REVIEWS MICROBIOLOGY
(2016)
Review
Microbiology
Jasper F. W. Chan et al.
CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY REVIEWS
(2015)
