☆ 4.3 Review

Viral meningitis and encephalitis: an update

CURRENT OPINION IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2023)

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Article Virology

Japanese Encephalitis Enzootic and Epidemic Risks across Australia

Morgan Furlong et al.

Summary: Mathematical and geospatial mapping techniques were used to estimate the risk of Japanese encephalitis virus transmission in coastal and inland regions of Australia. Increased surveillance of waterbirds, feral pigs, and mosquito populations is recommended in areas with human and domestic pig populations.

VIRUSES-BASEL (2023)

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Review Virology

Recent advances to overcome the burden of Japanese encephalitis: A zoonotic infection with problematic early detection

Kishore Kumar Pinapati et al.

Summary: Japanese encephalitis is a vector-borne neurotropic disease caused by Japanese encephalitis virus. It is the most important Flavivirus causing encephalitis, and there is currently no specific treatment available. This review focuses on developing point-of-care biomarkers for early detection and effective therapeutic agents to halt the disease, and provides molecular details and recent findings of the virus for insights into overcoming the disease burden.

REVIEWS IN MEDICAL VIROLOGY (2023)

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Article Immunology

Herpes Simplex Virus 2 Meningitis in Adults: A Prospective, Nationwide, Population-Based Cohort Study

Anna Jakobsen et al.

Summary: This study investigates the clinical presentation and prognostic factors of HSV-2 meningitis using a database from departments of infectious diseases in Denmark from 2015 to 2020. The results show that meningitis is common in younger women and unfavorable outcome at discharge is common, but it is not associated with sex, age, immunocompromise, or cerebrospinal fluid leukocyte count.

CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2022)

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Review Neurosciences

An Overview of Acute Flaccid Myelitis

Aseem Setia et al.

Summary: Acute Flaccid Myelitis is a neurologic disease characterized by acute flaccid paralysis and spinal cord grey matter lesions. Numerous cases were reported in the United States in 2014, predominantly affecting children. The exact cause is unknown, but evidence suggests a link with enterovirus D68.

CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS-DRUG TARGETS (2022)

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Review Medicine, General & Internal

Nipah virus, an emerging zoonotic disease causing fatal encephalitis

Ali M. Alam

Summary: Nipah virus is an acute febrile illness that causes fatal encephalitis, endemic to southeast Asia and the western Pacific, primarily transmitted by fruit bats. With high case fatality rates and non-specific symptoms, the challenging diagnosis of Nipah virus highlights the importance of raising awareness about risk factors and clinical presentations to recognize and manage potential outbreaks in the UK.

CLINICAL MEDICINE (2022)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Epstein-Barr virus meningoencephalitis in a young immunocompetent child: A case report

Sipang Pangprasertkul et al.

Summary: Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) usually causes mild infections in young children, but it can also lead to neurological problems. We describe a case of a 2-year-old girl with EBV meningoencephalitis who recovered well with proper treatment.

HELIYON (2022)

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Review Medicine, Research & Experimental

Measles Induced Encephalitis: Recent Interventions to Overcome the Obstacles Encountered in the Management Amidst the COVID-19 Pandemic

Mufaddal Najmuddin Diwan et al.

Summary: Encephalitis, a complication of measles, is diagnosed based on clinical symptoms and tests. Prevention and supportive care are the main treatment methods, along with specific treatment for different types of encephalitis.

DISEASES (2022)

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Article Health Care Sciences & Services

Etiological and epidemiological features of acute meningitis or encephalitis in China: a nationwide active surveillance study

Li-Ping Wang et al.

Summary: This study conducted nationwide surveillance of acute meningitis or encephalitis (AME) in China and identified the predominant pathogens. The study found regional and age-specific differences in the pathogen spectrum, which can contribute to the more effective diagnosis and application of prevention and control measures.

LANCET REGIONAL HEALTH-WESTERN PACIFIC (2022)

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Article Infectious Diseases

Herpesvirus-Associated Encephalitis: an Update

Elizabeth Matthews et al.

Summary: This article reviews the eight human herpesviruses and their recent advances in relation to encephalitis, including diagnosis, treatment, complications, and management.

CURRENT TROPICAL MEDICINE REPORTS (2022)

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Review Infectious Diseases

West Nile Disease Symptoms and Comorbidities: A Systematic Review and Analysis of Cases

Maria Bampali et al.

Summary: This study evaluated and analyzed deaths related to West Nile disease, finding that deceased patients commonly exhibited symptoms such as altered mental status and renal problems, as well as increased glucose in cerebrospinal fluid. Additionally, comorbidities such as pulmonary disease, which are often overlooked, may act as precipitating conditions in WND-related deaths.

TROPICAL MEDICINE AND INFECTIOUS DISEASE (2022)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Effect of enterovirus 71 vaccination on the epidemiological characteristics and etiology in hospitalized children with hand-foot-and-mouth disease: A retrospective study from a tertiary children's hospital

Jing Sun et al.

Summary: The introduction of EV71 vaccine has led to changes in the epidemiological characteristics and etiology of HFMD patients. The number of cases decreased gradually after vaccination, with significant changes in age distribution. The proportion of cases caused by EV71 and severe cases decreased significantly after vaccination. However, EV71 still remains a major pathogen in severe HFMD cases. There were no significant differences in epidemiological characteristics and enterovirus serotypes between unvaccinated and vaccinated cases.

MEDICINE (2022)

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Review Multidisciplinary Sciences

Global emergence of Enterovirus 71: a systematic review

Gayatree Nayak et al.

Summary: This article describes the structure, outbreak, molecular epidemiology of Enterovirus 71, and various EV71 vaccines. The promotion of inactivated EV71 vaccines faces challenges in the Asia-Pacific region, but in countries with high HFMD prevalence like Mainland China, the inactivated EV71 vaccine is crucial for protecting children's health.

BENI-SUEF UNIVERSITY JOURNAL OF BASIC AND APPLIED SCIENCES (2022)

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Article Clinical Neurology

Toscana virus encephalitis in Southwest Germany: a retrospective study

R. Dersch et al.

Summary: The study identified cases of TOSV-neuroinvasive disease in a German cohort of patients with meningoencephalitis, suggesting possible autochthonous infections without recent travel history to endemic areas. These findings imply the need to consider TOSV in patients with meningoencephalitis in Germany.

BMC NEUROLOGY (2021)

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Review Infectious Diseases

Arboviral central nervous system infections

Jonathan S. Schultz et al.

Summary: Arboviruses causing neurological infections in humans are continuously emerging and spreading to new regions, highlighting the importance of understanding their epidemiological and clinical features for timely diagnosis and control. Ongoing research is needed to develop rapid and accurate diagnostics, therapeutics, and vaccines to address future outbreaks.

CURRENT OPINION IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2021)

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Review Clinical Neurology

Encephalitis as a neurological complication of COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis of incidence, outcomes, and predictors

Isabel Siow et al.

Summary: While COVID-19 primarily affects the respiratory system, it can also lead to neurological complications such as encephalitis and stroke. Encephalitis as a complication of COVID-19 is relatively rare but has a higher mortality rate and results in significant morbidity. Severely ill COVID-19 patients are at a higher risk of developing encephalitis as a complication of the infection.

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGY (2021)

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Article Infectious Diseases

Meningoencephalitis Associated with Zika Virus and Chikungunya Virus Infection

Gabriella de Almeida Oliveira Evangelista et al.

Summary: This study found CHIKV and ZIKV infections in patients with viral meningoencephalitis, with potential impacts on patient age and immunological condition, but no specific clinical manifestations were observed. Determining the etiological agent of meningitis and encephalitis is crucial for patient management and proper treatment.

JAPANESE JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2021)

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Review Clinical Neurology

HIV-Associated CD8 Encephalitis: A UK Case Series and Review of Histopathologically Confirmed Cases

Sebastian B. Lucas et al.

Summary: HIV-associated CD8-encephalitis (HIV-CD8E) is a severe inflammatory disorder characterized by infiltration of CD8(+) T-lymphocytes into the brain, occurring in people with well-controlled HIV infection and potentially leading to coma and death if not promptly treated. Risk factors include intercurrent infection, interruption of antiretroviral therapy, and immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome. The pathogenesis of HIV-CD8E remains unclear, but black ethnicity may be a significant risk factor.

FRONTIERS IN NEUROLOGY (2021)

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Article Virology

Distinguishing cytomegalovirus meningoencephalitis from other viral central nervous system infections

Guy Handley et al.

Summary: CMV meningoencephalitis occurs most commonly in patients with HIV, with encephalitis occurring more frequently than meningitis. Clinical and laboratory findings differ compared to other viral etiologies, supporting consideration of CMV in the differential diagnosis of patients with meningoencephalitis.

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL VIROLOGY (2021)

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Review Medicine, General & Internal

Chronic Meningitis

Allen J. Aksamit

Summary: Chronic meningitis differs from acute meningitis in terms of causes and features, requiring comprehensive evaluation and potentially a meningeal biopsy to search for systemic disorders and infectious or noninfectious parameningeal lesions.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2021)

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Article Immunology

Causes and Clinical Features of Childhood Encephalitis: A Multicenter, Prospective Cohort Study

Philip N. Britton et al.

CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2020)

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Review Neurosciences

Usutu virus disease: a potential problem for North America?

Christine M. Gill et al.

JOURNAL OF NEUROVIROLOGY (2020)

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Article Immunology

HIV Testing in Adults Presenting With Central Nervous System Infections

Bert Ma et al.

OPEN FORUM INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2020)

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Review Clinical Neurology

Viral (aseptic) meningitis: A review

William F. Wright et al.

JOURNAL OF THE NEUROLOGICAL SCIENCES (2019)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Clinical Metagenomic Sequencing for Diagnosis of Meningitis and Encephalitis

M. R. Wilson et al.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2019)

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Review Virology

Measles Encephalitis: Towards New Therapeutics

Marion Ferren et al.

VIRUSES-BASEL (2019)

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Article Public, Environmental & Occupational Health

Community-Acquired Meningitis in HIV-Infected Patients in the United States

Karen J. Vigil et al.

AIDS PATIENT CARE AND STDS (2018)

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Article Infectious Diseases

Incidence, aetiology, and sequelae of viral meningitis in UK adults: a multicentre prospective observational cohort study

Fiona McGill et al.

LANCET INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2018)

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Review Virology

The neurological complications of chikungunya virus: A systematic review

Ravi Mehta et al.

REVIEWS IN MEDICAL VIROLOGY (2018)

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Article Public, Environmental & Occupational Health

Enterovirus and Parechovirus Surveillance — United States, 2014–2016

Glen R. Abedi et al.

MMWR-MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY WEEKLY REPORT (2018)

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Review Neurosciences

Neurologic Alterations Due to Respiratory Virus Infections

Karen Bohmwald et al.

FRONTIERS IN CELLULAR NEUROSCIENCE (2018)

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Article Infectious Diseases

Varicella Zoster aseptic meningitis: Report of an atypical case in an immunocompetent patient treated with oral valacyclovir

Martin Gnoni et al.

IDCASES (2018)

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Review Microbiology

Human Parechovirus: an Increasingly Recognized Cause of Sepsis-Like Illness in Young Infants

Laudi Olijve et al.

CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY REVIEWS (2018)

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Article Virology

Aseptic meningitis in adults and children: Diagnostic and management challenges

Bhavarth Shukla et al.

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL VIROLOGY (2017)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Acute versus subacute community-acquired meningitis Analysis of 611 patients

Tarek Sulaiman et al.

MEDICINE (2017)

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Review Immunology

Neurological Manifestations of Dengue Infection

Guo-Hong Li et al.

FRONTIERS IN CELLULAR AND INFECTION MICROBIOLOGY (2017)

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Article Immunology

Epidemiology of Meningitis and Encephalitis in the United States, 2011-2014

Rodrigo Hasbun et al.

CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2017)

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Article Infectious Diseases

Herpes simplex and varicella zoster CNS infections: clinical presentations, treatments and outcomes

Quanhathai Kaewpoowat et al.

INFECTION (2016)

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Article Immunology

Use of Testing-for West Nile Virus and Other Arboviruses

Jakapat Vanichanan et al.

EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2016)

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Article Public, Environmental & Occupational Health

Jamestown Canyon Virus Disease in the United States-2000-2013

Daniel M. Pastula et al.

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE (2015)

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Review Medicine, General & Internal

Tick-borne encephalitis: A review of epidemiology, clinical characteristics, and management

Petra Bogovic et al.

WORLD JOURNAL OF CLINICAL CASES (2015)

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Article Clinical Neurology

Respiratory syncytial virus-related encephalitis: magnetic resonance imaging findings with diffusion-weighted study

Arim Park et al.

NEURORADIOLOGY (2014)

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Review Public, Environmental & Occupational Health

Enteroviral encephalitis in children: clinical features, pathophysiology, and treatment advances

Shikha Jain et al.

PATHOGENS AND GLOBAL HEALTH (2014)

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Article Immunology

Case Definitions, Diagnostic Algorithms, and Priorities in Encephalitis: Consensus Statement of the International Encephalitis Consortium

A. Venkatesan et al.

CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2013)

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Article Public, Environmental & Occupational Health

Completeness of West Nile virus testing in patients with meningitis and encephalitis during an outbreak in Arizona, USA

I. B. Weber et al.

EPIDEMIOLOGY AND INFECTION (2012)

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Article Virology

Toscana meningoencephalitis: A comparison to other viral central nervous system infections

Siraya Jaijakul et al.

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL VIROLOGY (2012)

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Review Clinical Neurology

Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus: An Underrecognized Cause of Neurologic Disease in the Fetus, Child, and Adult

Daniel J. Bonthius

SEMINARS IN PEDIATRIC NEUROLOGY (2012)

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Article Immunology

Powassan Virus Encephalitis, Minnesota, USA

Justin Birge et al.

EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2012)

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Article Hematology

Long-Term Outcome of Human Herpesvirus-6 Encephalitis after Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation

Rika Sakai et al.

BIOLOGY OF BLOOD AND MARROW TRANSPLANTATION (2011)

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Article Infectious Diseases

Clinical characteristics of patients with Epstein Barr virus in cerebrospinal fluid

Timi Martelius et al.

BMC INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2011)

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Article Immunology

Past, Present, and Future of Japanese Encephalitis

Tobias E. Erlanger et al.

EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2009)

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Article Clinical Neurology

Human parechovirus causes encephalitis with white matter injury in Neonates

Malgorzata A. Verboon-Maciolek et al.

ANNALS OF NEUROLOGY (2008)

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Review Immunology

Tick-borne encephalitis

Reinhard Kaiser

INFECTIOUS DISEASE CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA (2008)

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Article Microbiology

Enteroviral meningitis: Natural history and outcome of pleconaril therapy

R. A. Desmond et al.

ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY (2006)

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Review Clinical Neurology

West Nile virus meningoencephalitis

RL DeBiasi et al.

NATURE CLINICAL PRACTICE NEUROLOGY (2006)

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Article Biochemical Research Methods

Specific RT-PCR procedure for the detection of human parechovirus type 1 genome in clinical samples

V Legay et al.

JOURNAL OF VIROLOGICAL METHODS (2002)

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Article Clinical Neurology

CNS manifestations of cytomegalovirus infections - Diagnosis and treatment

M Maschke et al.

CNS DRUGS (2002)

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