Understanding atmospheric intercontinental dispersal of harmful microorganisms

The atmosphere is a major route for microbial intercontinental dispersal, including harmful microorganisms, antibiotic resistance genes, and allergens, with strong implications in ecosystem functioning and global health. Long-distance dispersal is facilitated by air movement at higher altitudes in the free troposphere and is affected by anthropogenic forcing, climate change, and by the general atmospheric circulation, mainly in the intertropical convergence zone. The survival of microorganisms during atmospheric transport and their remote invasive potential are fundamental questions, but data are scarce. Extreme atmospheric conditions represent a challenge to survival that requires specific adaptive strategies, and recovery of air samples from the high altitudes relevant to study harmful microorganisms can be challenging. In this paper, we highlight the scope of the problem, identify challenges and knowledge gaps, and offer a roadmap for improved understanding of intercontinental microbial dispersal and their outcomes. Greater understanding of long-distance dispersal requires research focus on local factors that affect emissions, coupled with conditions influencing transport and survival at high altitudes, and eventual deposition at sink locations.

Automated summary

The atmosphere plays a significant role in the intercontinental dispersal of harmful microorganisms, antibiotic resistance genes, and allergens, with implications for ecosystem functioning and global health. Long-distance dispersal is influenced by air movement at higher altitudes and is affected by human activities, climate change, and atmospheric circulation. However, there is limited data on the survival of microorganisms during atmospheric transport and their invasive potential. This paper highlights the importance of understanding intercontinental microbial dispersal and offers a roadmap for further research in this area.