4.3 Review

Role of Small Molecule Ligands in IgE-Mediated Allergy

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Binding to Iron Quercetin Complexes Increases the Antioxidant Capacity of the Major Birch Pollen Allergen Bet v 1 and Reduces Its Allergenicity

Andreas Regner et al.

Summary: Bet v 1 is a major allergen in birch pollen, with up to 95% of birch-sensitized patients responding to it. It belongs to the pathogenesis-related PR 10 family and is involved in plant defense. This study found that Bet v 1 can bind to iron quercetin complexes (FeQ2), reducing allergenicity and contributing to anti-inflammatory stimuli in human monocytes.

ANTIOXIDANTS (2023)

Article Chemistry, Applied

Covalent polyphenol modification of a reactive cysteine in the major apple allergen Mal d 1

Jana Unterhauser et al.

Summary: Naturally occurring polyphenols can modify the molecular properties of food allergens. In the case of the major apple allergen Mal d 1, reactions with oxidized polyphenols result in the formation of a covalent adduct, leading to a loss of conformational IgE epitopes and reduced allergenicity. The modified allergen does not affect its three-dimensional fold or ligand binding, but partially covers an IgE epitope on its surface.

FOOD CHEMISTRY (2023)

Review Allergy

C-Type Lectin Receptor Mediated Modulation of T2 Immune Responses to Allergens

Alba Angelina et al.

Summary: This review summarizes the role of C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) in regulating type 2 immune responses to allergens. CLRs recognize carbohydrates in common allergens and trigger signaling pathways that polarize CD4(+) T cells towards specific Th2 responses. Understanding the role of CLRs may lead to the development of novel strategies for allergic diseases.

CURRENT ALLERGY AND ASTHMA REPORTS (2023)

Article Allergy

Structural and ligand binding analysis of the pet allergens Can f 1 and Fel d 7

Jungki Min et al.

Summary: This study presents crystal structures, NMR, molecular dynamics, and fluorescence studies of dog allergen Can f 1 and its closely related cat allergen Fel d 7. It is found that Can f 1 and Fel d 7 have open and positively charged calyxes, while other dog allergens have closed and negatively charged ones. Fatty acid screening reveals that Can f 1 and Fel d 7 bind multiple ligands with preferences for palmitic acid and oleic acid. The results provide valuable insights into selectivity determinants and candidate ligands for pet allergens Can f 1 and Fel d 7.

FRONTIERS IN ALLERGY (2023)

Article Immunology

Systematic Characterization of the Group 2 House Dust Mite Allergen in Dermatophagoides microceras

Rei-Hsing Hu et al.

Summary: This study identified and characterized the allergen-like protein Der m 2 in the indoor house dust mite Dermatophagoides microceras (Der m). Der m 2 was found to induce inflammatory responses in cell and mouse models of allergic asthma. Treatment with the fungal immunomodulatory protein FIP-fve alleviated the inflammation caused by Der m 2-induced asthma in mice.

FRONTIERS IN CELLULAR AND INFECTION MICROBIOLOGY (2022)

Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

The diversity of lipocalin receptors

Bernhard Redl et al.

Summary: Lipocalins are crucial carriers of hydrophobic molecules and play a role in various physiological processes in different species. They interact with cell receptors to exert their biological effects. Recent research has revealed new findings on the molecules involved in cellular uptake or signaling effects of lipocalins.

BIOCHIMIE (2022)

Review Allergy

Managing the allergy and asthma epidemic in 2020s-Lessons from the Finnish experience

Tari Haahtela et al.

Summary: Finland implemented a systematic public health programme for a decade to reduce the burden of allergic disorders by revisiting prevention strategies. The programme emphasized on allergy health and the connection with the natural environment, improving allergy management practices. The results after ten years were favorable, with changes in healthcare practices, reduced disability among patients, and significant cost savings achieved.

ALLERGY (2022)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

NLRP3 priming due to skin damage precedes LTP allergic sensitization in a mouse model

Diego Pazos-Castro et al.

Summary: In this study, the two-hit hypothesis of inflammatory diseases was applied to investigate the sensitization of food allergy. It was found that long-term depilation in mice resulted in immunological changes, which were further enhanced by the addition of allergen. The encounter with allergen also led to skin remodeling and infiltration of mucosal tissues. Additionally, the study with human ILC2s demonstrated that allergen could induce a phenotype switch. These findings have important implications for understanding the development of food allergy.

SCIENTIFIC REPORTS (2022)

Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

The Role of Lipids in Allergic Sensitization: A Systematic Review

Georgina V. Hopkins et al.

Summary: This systematic review examines the role of lipids in allergic sensitization. The results provide strong evidence that intrinsic lipids from allergen sources can enhance or inhibit allergic sensitization through various mechanisms. Further research using human relevant in vitro models and clinical studies is needed to fully understand the role of lipids in allergic sensitization.

FRONTIERS IN MOLECULAR BIOSCIENCES (2022)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

The Structural Flexibility of PR-10 Food Allergens

Sebastian Fuehrer et al.

Summary: PR-10 proteins are a major cause of food allergic reactions. This study analyzes the structural flexibility of thirteen PR-10 proteins from prevalent plant food sources and reveals that they have inherently flexible protein backbones in solution, with protein-specific extent of flexibility.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES (2022)

Article Allergy

Mammalian derived lipocalin and secretoglobin respiratory allergens strongly bind ligands with potentially immune modulating properties

Bente Janssen-Weets et al.

Summary: Allergens from furry animals, such as lipocalins and secretoglobins, play a role in chemical communication and have the ability to bind small volatile compounds. This study aims to understand the physiological function of these allergens and their role in sensitization. By analyzing their ligand-binding characteristics, the researchers found that these allergens have high thermal stability and bind certain ligands associated with semiochemical and immune-modulating functions. The findings contribute to the understanding of major mammalian respiratory allergens as carriers of semiochemicals.

FRONTIERS IN ALLERGY (2022)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Human IgE monoclonal antibody recognition of mite allergen Der p 2 defines structural basis of an epitope for IgE cross-linking and anaphylaxis in vivo

Kriti Khatri et al.

Summary: Immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibody plays a critical role in adaptive allergen-induced immune responses, affecting up to 40% of the global population. This study reports the crystal structure of a house dust mite allergen, Der p 2, in complex with a human IgE monoclonal antibody, providing insights into the IgE antibody repertoire to a major mite allergen.

PNAS NEXUS (2022)

Review Allergy

Lipid Ligands and Allergenic LTPs: Redefining the Paradigm of the Protein-Centered Vision in Allergy

Zulema Gonzalez-Klein et al.

Summary: Lipid Transfer Proteins (LTPs) are a widely distributed allergen family that can cause various allergic reactions. Recent studies have shown that the ligands carried by LTPs play a significant role in their allergenic capacity. Research on the role of lipids in allergic sensitization can enhance our understanding of the molecular events leading to allergy.

FRONTIERS IN ALLERGY (2022)

Review Allergy

Inhalant Mammal-Derived Lipocalin Allergens and the Innate Immunity

Tuomas Virtanen

Summary: A major part of important mammalian respiratory allergens belongs to the lipocalin family of proteins. The allergenicity of lipocalin allergens cannot be easily explained by their physicochemical properties. Allergic sensitization involves the innate and adaptive immunities, with IL-4 playing a crucial role in the type 2 immune response. Lipocalin allergens can enter the immune system through lipocalin and innate immunity-associated cell-surface receptors.

FRONTIERS IN ALLERGY (2022)

Article Allergy

Cow's milk protein β-lactoglobulin confers resilience against allergy by targeting complexed iron into immune cells

Franziska Roth-Walter et al.

Summary: Research has shown that holoBLG plays a key role in preventing allergies by reducing IgE binding and affecting mast cell degranulation. Consistently, only treatment with holoBLG in mice prevented allergic sensitization and anaphylaxis, while maintaining regulatory T cells. Additionally, holoBLG facilitates AhR activation, contributing to allergy prevention.

JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY (2021)

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Structural Characterization of Act c 10.0101 and Pun g 1.0101-Allergens from the Non-Specific Lipid Transfer Protein Family

Andrea O'Malley et al.

Summary: The study found that allergens from the nsLTP family have structural similarities and may trigger cross-reactive reactions with other nsLTP family proteins. These allergens may affect the surface regions where immunoglobulin E binds by binding ligands.

MOLECULES (2021)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Removal and Replacement of Endogenous Ligands from Lipid-Bound Proteins and Allergens

Alexander C. Y. Foo et al.

Summary: Many major allergens bind to hydrophobic lipid-like molecules, and removing these lipids can significantly alter the stability and resistance properties of the allergenic protein, impacting T-cell epitope generation and allergenicity. Techniques like reverse-phase HPLC and thermal annealing can be used to remove endogenous lipids from allergens like Bla g 1, providing valuable insights into the role of lipids in the allergic response.

JOVE-JOURNAL OF VISUALIZED EXPERIMENTS (2021)

Review Allergy

Allergens and their associated small molecule ligands-their dual role in sensitization

Maksymilian Chruszcz et al.

Summary: Many allergens have hydrophobic cavities that can bind hydrophobic small-molecule ligands, with different specificities. Some allergens can bind a variety of small molecules in vitro, but not all of these are their natural ligands.

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Microscale Thermophoresis Reveals Oxidized Glutathione as High-Affinity Ligand of Mal d 1

Soraya Chebib et al.

Summary: PR-10 proteins can bind various ligands due to their unique secondary structure, which may influence the biological function and allergenicity of the protein. Natural products found in apples, such as flavonoids, glutathione, and glutathione disulfide, were identified as potential ligands of Mal d 1. Molecular docking analysis revealed the binding mechanism between the ligands and Mal d 1, providing further insights into the physiological role of the protein.
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The key to the allergenicity of lipid transfer protein (LTP) ligands: A structural characterization

Zulema Gonzalez-Klein et al.

Summary: This study analyzed the natural ligands carried by allergenic LTPs and found that they shared a chemical identity with a polar head essential for protein-ligand binding. These ligands could be transported through a skin cellular model, leading to the detection of phosphorylated phytosphingosine. Overexpression of sphingosine kinase 1 in keratinocytes incubated with the LTP-ligand complex suggests a potential role in mediating allergic responses.

BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR AND CELL BIOLOGY OF LIPIDS (2021)

Article Allergy

Cat-NPC2, a Newly Identified Allergen, With High Cross-Reactivity to Can f 7

Dan-Xuan Zhu et al.

Summary: This study identified and characterized a novel cat allergen, NPC2 protein, which was recognized by at least 14.5% of cat-allergic patients with high specific IgE levels. Cross-reactivity between Cat-NPC2 and Can f7/Der f2 was demonstrated, providing insights for improved component-resolved diagnosis in pet allergy.

ALLERGY ASTHMA & IMMUNOLOGY RESEARCH (2021)

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Biophysical and biological impact on the structure and IgE-binding of the interaction of the olive pollen allergen Ole e 7 with lipids

Carmen Oeo-Santos et al.

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The Major Cat Allergen Fel d 1 Binds Steroid and Fatty Acid Semiochemicals: A Combined In Silico and In Vitro Study

Cecile Bienboire-Frosini et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES (2020)

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A role of heparan sulphate proteoglycan in the cellular uptake of lipocalins ß-lactoglobulin and allergen Fel d 4

Matthias Habeler et al.

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Identification of a Heme Activation Site on the MD-2/TLR4 Complex

John D. Belcher et al.

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Impact of Different Lipid Ligands on the Stability and IgE-Binding Capacity of the Lentil Allergen Len c 3

Ekaterina I. Finkina et al.

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The major allergen Der p 2 is a cholesterol binding protein

Kavita Reginald et al.

SCIENTIFIC REPORTS (2019)

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Identification of a natural ligand of the hazel allergen Cor a 1

Thessa Jacob et al.

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Yanan Xu et al.

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Jane K. McBride et al.

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Rui-Qi Wang et al.

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Hydrophobic ligands influence the structure, stability, and processing of the major cockroach allergen Bla g 1

Alexander C. Y. Foo et al.

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Parsing the functional specificity of Siderocalin/Lipocalin 2/NGAL for siderophores and related small-molecule ligands

Matthew C. Clifton et al.

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Yosef Ellenbogen et al.

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Isolation and Characterization of Wheat Derived Nonspecific Lipid Transfer Protein 2 (nsLTP2)

Sara Bosi et al.

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Anna Pomes et al.

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Jiao Zhu et al.

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Structural basis for cross-reactivity and conformation fluctuation of the major beech pollen allergen Fag s 1

Adolfo H. Moraes et al.

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Enhanced Pru p 3 IgE-binding activity by selective free fatty acid-interaction

Pawel Dubiela et al.

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Ligand Binding Preferences of Pathogenesis-Related Class 10 (PR-10) Allergens

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Maria Garrido-Arandia et al.

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Structural and Functional Characterization of the Hazelnut Allergen Cor a 8

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Dimerization of lipocalin allergens

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Ligand Recognition of the Major Birch Pollen Allergen Bet v 1 is Isoform Dependent

Christian Seutter von Loetzen et al.

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Structure-Based Phylogenetic Analysis of the Lipocalin Superfamily

Balasubramanian Lakshmi et al.

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Secret of the major birch pollen allergen Bet v 1: identification of the physiological ligand

Christian Seutter von Loetzen et al.

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Bet v 1-a Trojan horse for small ligands boosting allergic sensitization?

C. Asam et al.

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Wayne R. Thomas

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Merima Bublin et al.

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Nitration of the Birch Pollen Allergen Bet v 1.0101: Efficiency and Site-Selectivity of Liquid and Gaseous Nitrating Agents

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Structural aspects of dog allergies: The crystal structure of a dog dander allergen Can f 4

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The major cockroach allergen Bla g 4 binds tyramine and octopamine

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The Strawberry Pathogenesis-related 10 (PR-10) Fra a Proteins Control Flavonoid Biosynthesis by Binding to Metabolic Intermediates

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