The role of single and mixed biofilms in Clostridioides difficile infection and strategies for prevention and inhibition

Review Microbiology

Oxygen response and tolerance mechanisms in Clostridioides difficile

Nicolas Kint et al.

Summary: There are decreasing oxygen gradients in the gut, and Clostridioides difficile has developed efficient strategies to tolerate and survive the oxygen concentrations encountered in the gastrointestinal tract.

CURRENT OPINION IN MICROBIOLOGY (2022)

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Article Microbiology

Effect of prebiotics on Bacteroides sp. adhesion and biofilm formation and synbiotic effect on Clostridioides difficile

Michal Piotrowski et al.

Summary: The study aimed to determine the effect of standard and candidate prebiotics on the adhesion and biofilm formation of Bacteroides sp. The results showed that prebiotics and synbiotics may help decrease the burden of C. difficile infections.

FUTURE MICROBIOLOGY (2022)

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Article Immunology

The prebiotic effect of human milk oligosaccharides 3′- and 6′- sialyllactose on adhesion and biofilm formation by Clostridioides difficile - pilot study

Michal Piotrowski et al.

Summary: This study investigated the effects of 3'-sialyllactose (SL) and 6'-SL on adhesion and biofilm formation of C. difficile. The results showed that both substances can inhibit the adhesion of C. difficile to human colon cells and reduce biofilm formation.

MICROBES AND INFECTION (2022)

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Article Immunology

Intra-Species Interactions in Streptococcus pneumoniae Biofilms

Carina Valente et al.

Summary: Streptococcus pneumoniae, a human pathogen causing high morbidity and mortality, can exhibit intra-species interactions in biofilms. These interactions are independent of the capsular and sequence type of the strains involved. A new experimental approach was developed to study these interactions, which can help understand the underlying mechanisms. This study provides important insights into the mixed biofilm growth of pneumococcal strains.

FRONTIERS IN CELLULAR AND INFECTION MICROBIOLOGY (2022)

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Article Infectious Diseases

Genetic Mechanisms of Vancomycin Resistance in Clostridioides difficile: A Systematic Review

Taryn A. Eubank et al.

Summary: Antimicrobial resistance in Clostridioides difficile infection poses a major threat to global health. While oral vancomycin is commonly used to treat CDI, there is a lack of susceptibility testing in clinical labs, making it challenging to detect and monitor resistance. This systematic review explores the gene determinants and mechanisms of vancomycin resistance in C. difficile and highlights the need for further research to understand their clinical impact.

ANTIBIOTICS-BASEL (2022)

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Review Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

Mechanisms of interactions between bacteria and bacteriophage mediate by quorum sensing systems

Yuxin Wang et al.

Summary: This review paper summarizes the function of quorum sensing systems in the interaction between bacteriophage and their host bacteria, and its potential application in alternative control strategies for antibiotic-resistant and biofilm-forming pathogens.

APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY (2022)

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Review Microbiology

The blueprint for building a biofilm the Clostridioides difficile way

Yannick D. N. Tremblay et al.

Summary: This article discusses the relationship between metabolic reprogramming and biofilm formation in Clostridioides difficile, as well as its overlap with the sporulation cascade. The findings provide important clues for modeling biofilm formation. However, further research is needed to answer outstanding questions in the field.

CURRENT OPINION IN MICROBIOLOGY (2022)

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Article Ecology

Heme cross-feeding can augment Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis dual species biofilms

Jun-Hong Ch'ng et al.

Summary: This study reports the enhanced biofilm biomass resulting from the combination of Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis, which is dependent on the activation of E. faecalis aerobic respiration. S. aureus provides heme to activate E. faecalis respiration, and E. faecalis gelatinase activity facilitates heme extraction. This interspecies interaction and metabolic cross-feeding may explain the frequent co-occurrence of these microbes in biofilm-associated infections.

ISME JOURNAL (2022)

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Article Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

Antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of some plant essential oils and synergistic effects of cinnamon essential oil with vancomycin against Clostridioides difficile: in vitro study

M. N. Tosun et al.

Summary: The study found that cinnamon and tea tree essential oils have inhibitory effects on Clostridium species, and can be used as alternative agents to existing antibiotics.

LETTERS IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY (2022)

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Article Cell Biology

Secreted NF-κB suppressive microbial metabolites modulate gut inflammation

Rabina Giri et al.

Summary: An emerging research suggests that certain strains of Clostridium bacteria can suppress immune-mediated NF-KB activation, which could potentially alleviate inflammatory bowel diseases. Using an ex vivo organoid-based approach, researchers have identified a strain that could alleviate colitis in a relevant pre-clinical animal model of inflammatory bowel diseases.

CELL REPORTS (2022)

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Article Microbiology

Inhibition of In Vitro Clostridioides difficile Biofilm Formation by the Probiotic Yeast Saccharomyces boulardii CNCM I-745 through Modification of the Extracellular Matrix Composition

Pierre-Alexandre Lacotte et al.

Summary: Study shows that live probiotic yeast S. boulardii exerts an antagonistic effect on the formation of C. difficile biofilm, reducing its thickness and structural strength, which may be attributed to the direct contact between S. boulardii and C. difficile and the decrease of essential structural component eDNA in C. difficile biofilm.

MICROORGANISMS (2022)

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Article Microbiology

In vitro anti-clostridial action and potential of the spice herbs essential oils to prevent biofilm formation of hypervirulent Clostridioides difficile strains isolated from hospitalized patients with CDI

Ana Aleksic et al.

Summary: This study demonstrates that essential oils of wild oregano, black pepper, and garlic may have therapeutic effects in the treatment of CDI, and can inhibit biofilm production.

ANAEROBE (2022)

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Article Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

Antagonistic activity of selenium-enriched Bifidobacterium breve against Clostridioides difficile

Wen Rui et al.

Summary: This study discovered that selenium-enriched Bifidobacterium breve YH68-Se has the potential to prevent Clostridioides difficile infection. YH68-Se exhibited superior environmental resistance compared to the parental strain YH68, mainly due to the improved antioxidant activity and gastrointestinal tolerance. YH68-Se inhibited C. difficile growth, spore, biofilm, toxin production, and virulence gene expression through disrupting cell membrane permeability and altering the membrane proton motive force.

APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY (2022)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Recent development of small-molecular inhibitors against Clostridioides difficile infection

Jianwei Chen et al.

Summary: Clostridioides difficile infection poses a significant threat to human health. Traditional antibiotics are ineffective, necessitating the development of new antibacterial drugs or strategies. Inhibiting virulence or destroying vital physiological structures of C. difficile are promising approaches.

BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY (2022)

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Article Cell Biology

Dietary-protein sources modulate host susceptibility to Clostridioides difficile infection through the gut microbiota

Kyosuke Yakabe et al.

Summary: A soy protein diet increases the mortality rate of antibiotic-treated, C. difficile-infected mice and enhances the levels of amino acids and abundance of Lactobacillus genus in the intestines. The fermentation of soy protein by Ligilactobacillus murinus generates amino acids that promote the growth of C. difficile, and this process involves the anchored cell wall proteinase PrtP. Thus, the interaction between dietary protein and the gut microbiota is a critical factor affecting host susceptibility to CDI, suggesting that dietary protein sources play an important role in controlling the disease.

CELL REPORTS (2022)

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Review Cell Biology

Co- and polymicrobial infections in the gut mucosa: The host-microbiota-pathogen perspective

Teresa Frisan

Summary: Infections in humans involve interactions between pathogens, host microenvironment, immune responses, and symbiotic microbial communities. The polymicrobial nature of many human infections adds complexity, leading to either increased severity or decreased morbidity. Open questions in this field highlight the need for further research and understanding.

CELLULAR MICROBIOLOGY (2021)

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Review Microbiology

The Impact of Intraspecies and Interspecies Bacterial Interactions on Disease Outcome

Jiwasmika Baishya et al.

Summary: This review explores how microbial interactions shape host health, with both competitive and cooperative interactions potentially having positive or negative effects on the host.

PATHOGENS (2021)

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Review Microbiology

Clostridioides difficile phage biology and application

Joshua Heuler et al.

Summary: Clostridioides difficile, previously known as Clostridium difficile, is the causative agent of CDI. Antibiotics-induced dysbiosis of the microbiota is the primary factor allowing C. difficile to colonize the gut and cause diseases. Phages infecting C. difficile could offer new treatment strategies and insights into its biology.

FEMS MICROBIOLOGY REVIEWS (2021)

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Article Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Fusobacterium nucleatum Adheres to Clostridioides difficile via the RadD Adhesin to Enhance Biofilm Formation in Intestinal Mucus

Melinda A. Engevik et al.

Summary: The study revealed that certain mucus-associated bacteria can promote colonization and biofilm formation of C difficile, with some patients infected with C difficile harboring high levels of Fusobacterium species. The interaction between pathogenic C difficile and F nucleatum in the intestinal mucus layer is shown to be unique.

GASTROENTEROLOGY (2021)

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Article Infectious Diseases

Fidaxomicin versus metronidazole, vancomycin and their combination for initial episode, first recurrence and severe Clostridioides difficile infection - An observational cohort study

Sylvia Polivkova et al.

Summary: This study demonstrates that fidaxomicin is superior to metronidazole or vancomycin in the treatment of the initial episode, first recurrence, and non-severe cases of Clostridioides difficile infection.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2021)

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Review Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Gastrointestinal biofilms in health and disease

Jean-Paul Motta et al.

Summary: This article discusses the natural organization of microorganisms on gastrointestinal surfaces, microbiota taxonomy, biogeographical localization, and trans-kingdom interactions within the biofilm habitat. The importance of the host-biofilm relationship in gut homeostasis and disease is evaluated, along with the role of biofilms in gut homeostasis and pathological processes. Further research on biofilm properties and communication could provide insights into gut physiology and potential therapeutic options for gastrointestinal diseases.

NATURE REVIEWS GASTROENTEROLOGY & HEPATOLOGY (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Extracellular DNA, cell surface proteins and c-di-GMP promote biofilm formation in Clostridioides difficile

Lisa F. Dawson et al.

Summary: Clostridioides difficile utilizes c-di-GMP to promote early biofilm formation, with eDNA playing a key role in the protective matrix of the biofilm. DNase has a significant impact on biofilm integrity, and the addition of exogenous DNase could potentially enhance antibiotic efficacy in treating C. difficile infection.

SCIENTIFIC REPORTS (2021)

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Article Microbiology

Clostridioides difficile biofilms: A mechanism of persistence in the gut?

Lucy R. Frost et al.

Summary: Biofilms are structured bacterial communities encased in an extracellular matrix, which confer pathogens resistance to drugs and immune responses during human infections. Clostridioides difficile biofilms are considered important for the persistence of the bacterium in the gut and for recurrent infections, especially in the elderly who are associated with high rates of recurrence, due to disruption of the native gut microbiota caused by long-term antibiotic therapy.

PLOS PATHOGENS (2021)

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Article Immunology

Synergism of Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans Reinforces Biofilm Maturation and Acidogenicity in Saliva: An In Vitro Study

Hye-Eun Kim et al.

Summary: The symbiotic interaction between S. mutans and C. albicans in plaque-biofilms appears to play a critical role in the pathogenesis of dental caries, particularly in saliva. This synergistic relationship enhances the virulence of plaque-biofilms, leading to the formation of an acidic pH environment that exacerbates the development of caries.

FRONTIERS IN CELLULAR AND INFECTION MICROBIOLOGY (2021)

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Article Infectious Diseases

The Human Gut Microbe Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron Suppresses Toxin Release from Clostridium difficile by Inhibiting Autolysis

Miad Elahi et al.

Summary: The gut symbiont Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron (BT) suppresses Clostridium difficile (CD) toxin production by inhibiting polysaccharide metabolism pathways. Polysaccharide fractions derived from BT can suppress CD toxin production, with cell wall-associated glycans playing a key role in this inhibitory effect.

ANTIBIOTICS-BASEL (2021)

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Article Gastroenterology & Hepatology

ACG Clinical Guidelines: Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Clostridioides difficile Infections

Colleen R. Kelly et al.

Summary: This article discusses the causes and management of Clostridioides difficile infection, as well as the official practice recommendations of the American College of Gastroenterology. The guidelines were evaluated using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation process.

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY (2021)

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Article Microbiology

Dissecting Individual Interactions between Pathogenic and Commensal Bacteria within a Multispecies Gut Microbial Community

Jack Hassall et al.

Summary: Interactions between commensal bacteria and invading pathogens in the gut microbiota are crucial in determining infection outcomes. In vitro models of multispecies communities with the ability to track individual species behaviors accurately are key to understanding bacterial interactions and providing protection from pathogen colonization. Our developed synthetic, trackable gut microbiota community has shown to reduce the growth of the human gut pathogen Clostridioides difficile, with Bacteroides spp. responding by multiplying and reducing C. difficile growth.

MSPHERE (2021)

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Article Microbiology

Inhibitory effect of Brazilian red propolis on planktonic and biofilm forms of Clostridioides difficile

Cecilia Leite Costa et al.

Summary: Brazilian Red Propolis showed antimicrobial activity against C. difficile, inhibiting planktonic growth, damaging cell wall, reducing biofilm growth, and harming mature biofilms.

ANAEROBE (2021)

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Review Infectious Diseases

Clostridioides difficile infection: an emerging zoonosis?

Chin-Shiang Tsai et al.

Summary: C. difficile is commonly found in diarrheal dogs and cats, suggesting that pets at home could potentially be a source of infection. Hypervirulent strains of C. difficile have been identified in retail chickens, pig farms, and slaughterhouses, posing a threat to human health. Risk factors for C. difficile carriage in animals include young age, dietary changes, and antibiotic use, with genomic sequencing techniques providing more evidence for zoonotic transfer to humans.

EXPERT REVIEW OF ANTI-INFECTIVE THERAPY (2021)

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Article Ecology

Metabolic adaption to extracellular pyruvate triggers biofilm formation in Clostridioides difficile

Yannick D. N. Tremblay et al.

Summary: Clostridioides difficile infection is a leading cause of hospital-acquired diarrhea, and successful infection relies on the absence of specific microbiota-produced metabolites. The study found that in the presence of deoxycholate, extracellular pyruvate induces biofilm formation, which may play a key role in driving C. difficile persistence in the gut.

ISME JOURNAL (2021)

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Review Microbiology

Biofilm regulation in Clostridioides difficile: Novel systems linked to hypervirulence

Megan G. Taggart et al.

Summary: Clostridiodes difficile is ranked as an urgent threat by CDC due to its prevalence in healthcare settings and its association with antibiotic-associated gastrointestinal diseases. The role of biofilm formation in the pathogenesis of C. difficile infection is still not fully understood, but it is believed to play a significant role in disease recurrence. Various factors, such as motility and adhesion, influence biofilm formation in C. difficile, making the regulatory system complex and multifactorial. Further research is needed to better understand biofilm regulation in different strains of C. difficile and its implications for disease management.

PLOS PATHOGENS (2021)

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Article Immunology

Antibiotic Resistance and Biofilm Production Capacity in Clostridioides difficile

Layan Abu Rahmoun et al.

Summary: The study revealed an association between antibiotic resistance and biofilm production capacity, emphasizing the importance of antibiotic susceptibility testing for effective treatment. Additionally, differences in biofilm production capacity among different Sequence-types (ST) strains may aid in guiding treatment decisions for recurrent infections.

FRONTIERS IN CELLULAR AND INFECTION MICROBIOLOGY (2021)

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Article Microbiology

What's a Biofilm?-How the Choice of the Biofilm Model Impacts the Protein Inventory of Clostridioides difficile

Madita Brauer et al.

Summary: The anaerobic pathogen Clostridioides difficile is capable of forming highly resistant endospores in unfavorable conditions. A proteomics approach revealed significant differences in cell surface proteins and enzymes related to energy and stress metabolism in different forms of biofilm-like growth. The data also indicated the induction of the sigma factor SigL/RpoN in aggregate biofilms, suggesting its important role in biofilm formation.

FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY (2021)

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Review Microbiology

Antibacterial Properties of Organosulfur Compounds of Garlic (Allium sativum)

Sushma Bagde Bhatwalkar et al.

Summary: Garlic is a traditional plant used for treating bacterial infections, especially multidrug-resistant strains. The organosulfur compounds in garlic exhibit various antibacterial properties such as bactericidal, antibiofilm, antitoxin, and anti-quorum sensing activities. This provides a potential framework for developing them into novel antibiotics.

FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY (2021)

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Review Microbiology

Wolf in Sheep's Clothing: Clostridioides difficile Biofilm as a Reservoir for Recurrent Infections

Jazmin Meza-Torres et al.

Summary: The microbiota in the intestinal tract can form biofilms, which play important roles in the host's health and disease. The three-dimensional structures considered to be biofilms can strengthen the gut epithelium's defense and prevent the establishment of pathogens.

MICROORGANISMS (2021)

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Article Microbiology

Probiotics as Therapeutic Tools against Pathogenic Biofilms: Have We Found the Perfect Weapon?

Gabriele Meroni et al.

Summary: Biofilm infections are challenging to treat, but lactic acid bacteria (LAB) as probiotics can prevent bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation, serving as an effective means to combat pathogenic biofilms.

MICROBIOLOGY RESEARCH (2021)

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Review Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Fecal microbiota transplantation for recurrent Clostridioides difficile, safety, and pitfalls

Avnish Sandhu et al.

Summary: Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) is a major cause of hospital-acquired infections, with recurrent CDI (rCDI) posing a challenge in treatment. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is suggested for second episodes of rCDI, showing promise compared to traditional treatments like vancomycin or fidaxomicin. However, concerns over infections, adverse events, and new diagnoses remain, requiring further study for long-term safety and efficacy of FMT in clinical practice.

THERAPEUTIC ADVANCES IN GASTROENTEROLOGY (2021)

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Article Gastroenterology & Hepatology

The high prevalence of Clostridioides difficile among nursing home elders associates with a dysbiotic microbiome

John P. Haran et al.

Summary: C. difficile is prevalent among elderly living in nursing homes, with dysbiotic gut microbiome being associated with its colonization. The use of proton pump inhibitors is linked to a lower prevalence of C. difficile.

GUT MICROBES (2021)

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Review Multidisciplinary Sciences

Phage therapy as a revolutionary medicine against Gram-positive bacterial infections

Archana Loganathan et al.

Summary: In conclusion, the need for phage therapy as an alternative treatment in the future is evident, although it can be utilized as a reserve treatment. This review focuses on the potential use of phage therapy in treating Gram-positive bacterial infections and discusses the challenges in commercializing phage drugs and their role as a groundbreaking medicine.

BENI-SUEF UNIVERSITY JOURNAL OF BASIC AND APPLIED SCIENCES (2021)

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Review Infectious Diseases

Review and Commentary on the Importance of Bile Acids in the Life Cycle of Clostridioides difficile in Children and Adults

Howard Faden

Summary: Clostridioides difficile, a spore-forming anaerobe, relies on bile acids and commensal microbiota for its life cycle. The use of antibiotics can lead to the proliferation of C. difficile and cause diarrhea, due to the elimination of bacteria that convert primary bile acids into secondary bile acids. However, in children, the absence of these bacteria that convert bile acids remains unexplained with regards to the lack of C. difficile diarrhea.

JOURNAL OF THE PEDIATRIC INFECTIOUS DISEASES SOCIETY (2021)

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Article Chemistry, Medicinal

Mucin-Degrading Microbes Release Monosaccharides That Chemoattract Clostridioides difficile and Facilitate Colonization of the Human Intestinal Mucus Layer

Melinda A. Engevik et al.

Summary: It is widely accepted that C. difficile can adhere to MUC2 glycans and associate with mucin-degrading microbes, allowing it to sense and grow in an intestinal environment. While lacking the glycosyl hydrolases needed to degrade mucin glycans, co-culturing with other mucin-degrading microbes enables C. difficile to survive and grow in media lacking glucose but containing purified MUC2.

ACS INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2021)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Clinical complications in patients with primary and recurrent Clostridioides difficile infection: A real-world data analysis

Paul Feuerstadt et al.

Summary: This study assessed the clinical complications of Clostridioides difficile infection and recurrent infections over a 12-month period, highlighting the need for new treatments to reduce recurrence and serious complications associated with C. difficile infection.

SAGE OPEN MEDICINE (2021)

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Review Microbiology

Clostridioides difficile phage biology and application

Joshua Heuler et al.

Summary: Clostridioides difficile, formerly known as Clostridium difficile, is the causative agent of C. difficile infections, which pose challenges in healthcare settings. Antibiotic-induced dysbiosis allows C. difficile colonization in the gut. Phage infection offers potential new treatment strategies against C. difficile infections.

FEMS MICROBIOLOGY REVIEWS (2021)

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Article Microbiology

Activity of Hospital Disinfectants against Vegetative Cells and Spores of Clostridioides difficile Embedded in Biofilms

Tasnuva Rashid et al.

ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY (2020)

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Article Microbiology

Coexistence of Clostridioides difficile and Staphylococcus aureus in gut of Iranian outpatients with underlying inflammatory bowel disease

Masoumeh Azimirad et al.

ANAEROBE (2020)

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Article Infectious Diseases

Inhibitory effect of fidaxomicin on biofilm formation in Clostridioides difficile

Masakaze Hamada et al.

JOURNAL OF INFECTION AND CHEMOTHERAPY (2020)

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Editorial Material Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Role of Microbiota-Derived Bile Acids in Enteric Infections

Casey M. Theriot et al.

CELL (2020)

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Article Infectious Diseases

Clostridioides difficile co-infection with Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC)-a potentially fatal combination

Farah Deshmukh et al.

IDCASES (2020)

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Article Infectious Diseases

The effect of berberine chloride and/or its combination with vancomycin on the growth, biofilm formation, and motility ofClostridioides difficile

Dorota Wultanska et al.

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY & INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2020)

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Article Engineering, Chemical

Metabolic Modeling of Clostridium difficile Associated Dysbiosis of the Gut Microbiota

Poonam Phalak et al.

PROCESSES (2019)

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Review Infectious Diseases

Clostridium difficile infection: review

Jacek Czepiel et al.

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY & INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2019)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Bowel Biofilms: Tipping Points between a Healthy and Compromised Gut?

Hanne L. P. Tytgat et al.

TRENDS IN MICROBIOLOGY (2019)

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Article Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

A microbiota-generated bile salt induces biofilm formation in Clostridium difficile

Thomas Dubois et al.

NPJ BIOFILMS AND MICROBIOMES (2019)

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Article Infectious Diseases

Fructooligosaccharides and mannose affect Clostridium difficile adhesion and biofilm formation in a concentration-dependent manner

Michal Piotrowski et al.

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY & INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2019)

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Review Infectious Diseases

Recent advances in the treatment of C. difficile using biotherapeutic agents

Vo Van Giau et al.

INFECTION AND DRUG RESISTANCE (2019)

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Review Medical Laboratory Technology

Non-antibiotic therapy for Clostridioides difficile infection: A review

Jingpeng Yang et al.

CRITICAL REVIEWS IN CLINICAL LABORATORY SCIENCES (2019)

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Review Genetics & Heredity

The role of fungi in C. difficile infection: An underappreciated transkingdom interaction

David Stewart et al.

FUNGAL GENETICS AND BIOLOGY (2019)

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Article Microbiology

Integrated Meta-omics Reveals a Fungus-Associated Bacteriome and Distinct Functional Pathways in Clostridioides difficile Infection

David B. Stewart et al.

MSPHERE (2019)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Complex Nature of Hominin Dispersals: Ecogeographical and Climatic Evidence for Pre-Contact Craniofacial Variation

Ann H. Ross et al.

SCIENTIFIC REPORTS (2019)

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Review Infectious Diseases

Virulence Factors of Clostridioides (Clostridium) difficile Linked to Recurrent Infections

Laura Tijerina-Rodriguez et al.

CANADIAN JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES & MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY (2019)

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Review Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Recurrent Clostridium difficile Infection: Risk Factors, Treatment, and Prevention

Jung Hoon Song et al.

GUT AND LIVER (2019)

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Review Microbiology

Fusobacterium nucleatum - symbiont, opportunist and oncobacterium

Caitlin A. Brennan et al.

NATURE REVIEWS MICROBIOLOGY (2019)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Oral Candida administration in a Clostridium difficile mouse model worsens disease severity but is attenuated by Bifidobacterium

Wimonrat Panpetch et al.

PLOS ONE (2019)

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Review Food Science & Technology

Prebiotics: Definition, Types, Sources, Mechanisms, and Clinical Applications

Dorna Davani-Davari et al.

FOODS (2019)

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Article Infectious Diseases

Analysis of Clostridium difficile biofilms: imaging and antimicrobial treatment

Garth A. James et al.

JOURNAL OF ANTIMICROBIAL CHEMOTHERAPY (2018)

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Article Microbiology

Quorum sensing in thermophiles: prevalence of autoinducer-2 system

Amandeep Kaur et al.

BMC MICROBIOLOGY (2018)

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Article Immunology

Type IV Pili Promote Clostridium difficile Adherence and Persistence in a Mouse Model of Infection

Robert W. McKee et al.

INFECTION AND IMMUNITY (2018)

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Review Infectious Diseases

Role of bacterial efflux pumps in biofilm formation

Ilyas Alav et al.

JOURNAL OF ANTIMICROBIAL CHEMOTHERAPY (2018)

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Article Infectious Diseases

Diverse bacterial species contribute to antibiotic-associated diarrhoea and gastrointestinal damage

Sarah Larcombe et al.

JOURNAL OF INFECTION (2018)

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Article Microbiology

Lauric Acid Is an Inhibitor of Clostridium difficile Growth in Vitro and Reduces Inflammation in a Mouse Infection Model

Hsiao-Ting Yang et al.

FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY (2018)

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Article Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Changes in microbiota composition, bile and fatty acid metabolism, in successful faecal microbiota transplantation for Clostridioides difficile infection

Jillian R. -M. Brown et al.

BMC GASTROENTEROLOGY (2018)

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Article Infectious Diseases

Antimicrobial effects of Manuka honey on in vitro biofilm formation by Clostridium difficile

M. Piotrowski et al.

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY & INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2017)

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Article Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

Carvacrol-rich oregano oil and thymol-rich thyme red oil inhibit biofilm formation and the virulence of uropathogenic Escherichia coli

J-H. Lee et al.

JOURNAL OF APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY (2017)

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Article Plant Sciences

Antimicrobial and Antiproliferative Activities of Black Pepper (Piper nigrum L.) Essential Oil and Oleoresin

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