Muscle atonia index during multiple sleep latency test: A possible marker to differentiate narcolepsy from other hypersomnias

Objective: The complexity and delay of the diagnosis of narcolepsy require several diagnostic tests and invasive procedures such as lumbar puncture. Our study aimed to determine the changes in muscle tone (atonia index, AI) at different levels of vigilance during the entire multiple sleep latency test (MSLT) and each nap in people with narcolepsy type 1 (NT1) and 2 (NT2) compared with other hypersomnias and its potential diagnostic value.Methods: Twenty-nine patients with NT1 (11 M 18F, mean age 34.9 years, SD 16.8) and sixteen with NT2 (10 M 6F, mean age 39 years, SD 11.8) and 20 controls with other hypersomnias (10 M, 10F mean age 45.1 years, SD 15.1) were recruited. AI was evaluated at different levels of vigilance (Wake and REM sleep) in each nap and throughout the MSLT of each group. The validity of AI in identifying patients with narcolepsy (NT1 and NT2) was analyzed using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves.Results: AI during wakefulness (WAI) was significantly higher in the narcolepsy groups (NT1 and NT2 p < 0.001) compared to the hypersomniac group. AI during REM sleep (RAI) (p = 0.03) and WAI in nap with sudden onsets of REM sleep periods (SOREMP) (p = 0.001) were lower in NT1 than in NT2. The ROC curves showed high AUC values for WAI (NT1 0.88; Best Cut-off > 0.57, Sensitivity 79.3 % Specificity 90 %; NT2 0.89 Best Cut-off > 0.67 Sensitivity 87.5 % Specificity 95 %; NT1 and NT2 0.88 Best Cut-off > 0.57 Sensitivity 82.2 % Specificity 90 %) in discriminating subjects suffering from other hypersomnias. RAI and WAI in nap with SOREMP showed a poor AUC value (RAI AUC: 0.7 Best cutoff 0.7 Sensitivity 50 % Specificity 87.5 %; WAI in nap before SOREMP AUC: 0.66, Best cut-off < 0.82 sensitivity 61.9 % and specificity 67.35 %) differentiating NT1 and NT2.Conclusions: WAI may represent an encouraging electrophysiological marker of narcolepsy and suggests a vulnerable tendency to dissociative wake / sleep dysregulation lacking in other forms of hypersomnia.Significance: AI during wakefulness may help distinguish between narcolepsy and other hypersomnias.(c) 2023 International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Automated summary

This study aimed to determine the changes in muscle tone (atonia index, AI) at different levels of vigilance during the multiple sleep latency test (MSLT) and each nap in narcolepsy patients. The results showed that AI during wakefulness was significantly higher in narcolepsy patients compared to other hypersomnia patients. AI during REM sleep and wakefulness in naps with sudden onsets of REM sleep periods were lower in NT1 than in NT2. AI during wakefulness had a high diagnostic value in distinguishing patients with other hypersomnias, while AI during REM sleep and wakefulness in naps with SOREMP showed a poor ability to differentiate NT1 and NT2.