Synthesis of green magnetic hybrid adsorbents and their application for reactive red methyl 4 BL dye removal

Hybrid adsorbents banana peels potassium-barium (BK-Ba), orange peels bismuth-cobalt (ORBi-Co), potato peels sodium- strontium (PPNa-Sr), the mixture of potato, orange, and banana peels (MBi-Fe) were prepared and applied for reactive red methyl 4 BL dye removal. The optimum pH for BK-Ba, ORBi-Co, MBi-Fe, and PPNa-Sr was 2 (27 mg/g), 2 (40 mg/g), 7 (35 mg/g), 12 (45 mg/g), respectively. The maximum adsorption ability of BK-Ba, ORBi-Co, MBi-Fe, PPNa-Sr (28.73, 33.33, 41.40,47 mg/g), respectively, was obtained by using dose 0.05 g/50 mL with dye optimum initial concentration was found to be 50 ppm for BK-Ba, ORBi-Co and PPNa-Sr hybrid adsorbents (35, 36, 48 mg/g) and 75 ppm for MBi-Fe, (42 mg/g) hybrid adsorbent. The maximum adsorption ability of BK-Ba, ORBi-Co, MBi-Fe, PPNa-Sr found to be (27, 33, 34, 48, mg/g), respectively, for 45 to 60 min reaction time 35 degrees C as optimum temperature for maximal adsorption of the adsorbent BK-Ba, ORBi-Co, MBi-Fe, and PPNa-Sr (35 to 2, 36 to 6, 43 to 10, 49 to 16 mg/g), respectively. The pseudo-first-order kinetic model well explained the adsorption processes of BK-Ba, ORBi-Co, MBi-Fe, and PPNa-Sr while the pseudo-second-order kinetic model well fitted for BK-Ba, ORBi-Co, MBi-Fe, and PPNa-Sr the adsorption of dye exhibited Langmuir isotherm for the adsorbents with 25.19, 30.77, 40.34, 49.98 for BK-Ba, ORBi-Co, MBi-Fe, and PPNa-Sr adsorp-tion capacities, respectively. The thermodynamic study exposed the exothermic environment. Effects exposed that hybrid adsorbents are effectual adsorbents and can be used for the dyes adsorption.

Automated summary

Hybrid adsorbents made from banana peels potassium-barium (BK-Ba), orange peels bismuth-cobalt (ORBi-Co), potato peels sodium-strontium (PPNa-Sr), and a mixture of potato, orange, and banana peels (MBi-Fe) were prepared and tested for the removal of reactive red methyl 4 BL dye. The optimal pH for each adsorbent was determined to be 2 (27 mg/g) for BK-Ba, 2 (40 mg/g) for ORBi-Co, 7 (35 mg/g) for MBi-Fe, and 12 (45 mg/g) for PPNa-Sr. The maximum adsorption capacities were achieved at a dose of 0.05 g/50 mL and an initial dye concentration of 50 ppm for BK-Ba, ORBi-Co, and PPNa-Sr adsorbents (35, 36, 48 mg/g), and 75 ppm for MBi-Fe adsorbent (42 mg/g). The optimal reaction time was found to be between 45 and 60 minutes with a temperature of 35 degrees C. The adsorption processes followed the pseudo-first-order kinetic model and the adsorption isotherms exhibited Langmuir behavior. The study also showed that the adsorption was exothermic. Overall, the hybrid adsorbents showed effective removal of the dye.